Geography Paper 1

case study section A

Natural Hazard

natural event i.e. earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes that can cause damage to human life and property.

Chile, earthquake (HIC) primary, secondary, immideate, long- term

• 2010

• 8.8 magnitude

• occurred at destructive plate margin where the Nazca Plate is subducting the South American Plate followed by series of aftershocks

Primary Effects:

• 500 ppl killed

• 12000 injured

• power lost, water supplies and communication

• cost 30 bil US dollars

Secondary :

• 1500m roads damaged, by landslides

• coastal towns devestated by tsunami waves

Immediate responce:

• aid, international help

• power and water restored to 90% within 10 days

Long-term response:

• goverment launch reconstruction plan

• President said takes 4 years to fully recover

Nepal Earthquake LIC

• 2015

• 7.9 mag

PRIMARY EFFECT:

• 9000 ppl died

• 20,000 injured

• 1/3 populat affected

• electricity, water supplies, communication affected

• 1.4 mil needed basic needs

• 5 bil US dollars

SECONDARY EFFECTS:

• 3 mill homeless

• triggered avalanches and landslides, blocked roads

• reduced tourism

IMMEDIATE RESPONSE:

• international help

• UK, India, China search and rescue teams

• 300,000 migrated from Kathmundu

LONG-TERM RESPONSE:

• roads repaired and landslides cleared

Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines

• 2013

• category 5 storm

PRIMARY EFFECTS:

Social

• 50% houses destroyed

• 4.1 mill homeless

• 6190 dead

Economic:

• €212 bil USS dollars

Environmental:

• 1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed

SECONDARY EFFECTS:

• infection and disease spread from bad contam water

• power supplies cut

Economic:

• oil leaks - fish industry disruption

• looting and violence

Environmental:

flood cause landslides

IMMEDIATE RESPONSE

• 800,000 evacuated

• +1200 evacuations centres set up for homeless

• emergency aid supplies

LONG-TERM RESPONSE

33 Countries pledged help

Did u know?

CO*2 accounts for around 60% of greenhouse gases

What is a natural disaster?

A natural hazard which result in a high death toll and huge damage to buildings and infrastructure

Why is a hazard risk?

Probability of being affected negatively by a natural event

What are the factors that affect hazard risk?

• Poverty- cheaper land, fertile soil

• Urbanisation- rural to ban immigration, pressure for land increase so starts to build on marginal (suitable to build on) land

  • Informal settlements cannot withstand natural hazard e.g. Tokyo. Has high population density. And has a lot of

    tectonic activity.

• Agriculture- farmers live on flood Plains or the slopes of volcanoes because land is fertile from previous natural events where hasadded nutrients to the soil

  • dim layers of Ash can act as natural fertilisers producing increased harvest

What is the other factor that affects hazard risk?

Climate change- as a global temp rises there is more extreme weather events (very intense)

Give me some reasons why people stay near areas prone to natural risk?

1) Economic benefit

2) Not wanting to leave due to family

3) some people say that risk isn’t that great to leave

4) not enough money to survive away from hazard prone areas

5) having no awareness or acknowledgement of other places

6) not being able to speak the language in a different place

Structure of the Earth

Describe the crust

thinner outermost layer

Consists of oceanic and continental plate

Describe the continental crust.

1. Thickness: Approximately 20 to 200\text{ km}.
2. Composition: Primarily made of granite; it is considered permanent and cannot be easily destroyed.
3. Density: It is less dense than the oceanic crust.
4. Age: This layer is significantly older than the oceanic layer (noted as up to 13.8 billion years).

What are the layers of the Earth?

• Crust

• Mantle

• Inner core

• Outer core

Types of crust: OCEANIC

• 5 to 10 km thick

• Very dense

• Mainly basalt

• Less than 200 million years old