UNH NUTR400 EXAM2

Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides and _________.

Disaccharides

The most abundant monosaccharides found in food include glucose, ___________, and ___________.

Fructose, Galactose

What is the primary function of glucose?

To provide a source of energy to cells

what foods represent the most significant sources of fructose in the typical U.S. diet?

Foods and Beverages sweetened with HFCS

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are bonded together as a result of a ____________ reaction.

Condensation

Which type of starch is linear in appearance?

Amylose

Where does the digestion of starch begin?

The Mouth

With long-term Constipation, areas along the colon wall can become weak and develop protruding pouches. what is this condition called?

Diverticular Disease

Amy got up late this morning so she skipped breakfast and went straight to her soccer practice. Which fuel source is her body relying upon to supply the glucose that her brain needs to function?

Liver glycogen

A person who does not have sufficient lactase will experience difficulty digesting _____________.

Yogurt, cheese, milk, and ice cream

The enzyme that breaks a ceratin disaccharide into two individual glucose units is called:

maltase

Which part(s) of the grain kernel is/are not present in refined wheat flour?

bran and germ

A low-glycemic index (GI) food has a GI rating of:

<= 55

The glycemic load takes into account the:

Carbohydrate content of a food and glycemic index of a food

Saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, and stevia area all classified as:

Alternative sweeteners

The hormone _______________ is released in time of high blood glucose while the hormone ___________ is released in times of low blood glucose.

insulin, glucagon

Which form of diabetes mellitus is most common?

Type 2

Type 1 diabetes is classified as a(n) ____________ disorder.

Autoimmune

Which symptom is NOT associated with Type 1 diabetes?

weight gain

True or False: Insulin is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancrease.

False

Glycogenisis is:

The synthesis of glucose

In the process of __________________ glucose is synthesized from amino acids and other non-carbohydrate sources.

Glycogenisis

True or False: Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

True

Which of the following nutrients can the body store the most of in the least amount of space?

Fat

During the digestion of Fat, ______________ stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and ___________ from the pancrease.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), lipase

Which of the following ingredients on a food label would alert you to the precesnse of trans fatty acids in a product?

Partially Hydrogenated Oil

The functions of fat include:

cushion and protect vital organs

insulate the body

True or False: The role of LDL cholesterol is to transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver

False

At room temperature, oils can be distinguished from fats because oils are ____________ while fats are ____________.

Liquid, solid

What does the alpha end of a fatty acid contain?

a carboxylic acid group

A saturated fatty acid contains ____________ carbon to carbon bonds

only single

A fatty acid designated as 18:1 has:

18 carbons and 1 double bond

What are the two essential fatty acids for adults?

Linoleic and linolenic

The body produces ______________ from fatty acids when its supply of glucose is limited.

Ketones

The process of producing ketones from fatty acids is called:

Ketogenisis

How many fatty acids does a phospholipid contain?

two

In the body, cholesterol is incorporated into cell membranes and is used to synthesize many hormones and __________.

bile

Where does lipid digestion begin?

In the stomach

Which enzymes are responsible for the digestion of triglycerides?

Lipases

Healthy Adults are recommended to consume ____________ of their energy from lipids.

20-35%

The dietary guidelines suggest that saturated fatty acids should constitute no more than ___________ percent of one's total calories.

10%

True or False: Women may experience different symptoms than men when experiencing a myocardial infarction.

True

Factor(s) that increase risk of cardiovascular disease include

smoking

physical inactivity

obesity

A person who is experiencing sudden numbness in or weakness on one side of the body, confusion, slurred speech, or a severe headache, is likely experiencing ___________.

a stroke

Some sensitive people develop high blood pressure in response to consuming excessive ____________.

Sodium

The DASH diet incorporates eating fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and reducing sodium to help control which of the following conditions?

Hypertension

The presence of _______________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrates and fat.

Nitrogen

Each amino acid molecule contains a strcturally unique part called the __________ group.

R

Amino Acids that cannot be made by the body are called ____________ amino acids.

essential

True or False: the secondary structure of proteins includes further folding beyond the primary structure with examples including: a-helix and b-pleeted sheet.

True

A good source of a complete protein includes all of the following except:

Whole Wheat

When digested proteins reach the stomach, HCI ______________ the proteins.

Denatures

True or False: When pairing complimentary proteins (combinging inclomplete proteins), they must always be consumed during the same meal to maximize health benefits.

False

The essential amino acid present in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein source is that food's _________________.

limiting amino acid

Each _____________ provides instructions as to how to assemble a particular protein.

gene

The study of how nutrition and genetics interact to influence health is called ____________.

nutrigenomics

Which of the following is not made of protein?

cholesterol

____________ is an example of a structural protein.

Collagen

The process by which proteins are continually broken down and resynthesized are collectively known as ___________.

protein turnover

When protein is needed for energy, the nitrogen-containing amino group is removed in a process called ____________.

deamination

what organ converts ammonia (NH3) to urea?

Liver

Jefferey has been hospitalized for two eeks suffering froma severe case of the flu. he has been losing weight and has little appetite. jefferey is most likely in _____________ nitrogen balance.

negative

andrew is a 55 year old school teacher who weighs 220 pounds. how many grams of protein does he need each day?

80 grams

Those who avoid eating all animal products except dairy are referred to as ___________.

lactovegetarians.

Which of the following vitamins or minerals would most likely be deficient in a vegan diet?

Vitamin B12

True or False: For most healthy individuals, excessive protein intake can eventually injure the kineys, resulting in severe health complications.

False

Jasmine is trying to lose weight. She has decided to try a diet that lets her eat unlimited amounts of protein. The protein that Jasmine eats that is above and beyond what she needs is _____________.

transformed into lipids and circulated in the lymph

the alcohol content of 80 proof tequilla is:

40%

A standard alcoholic beverage is defined as:

5 oz wine

Alcohol absorption occurs in the:

Stomach and small intestine

The main organ responsible for ethanol is metabolism is the:

liver

When alcohol consumption initially exceeds the ability to metabolize:

BAC increases

True or False: body leanness and body size both influence BAC

True

When consumed in low to moderate amounts, alcohol is primarily metabolized by the ______________ pathway.

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

The unpleasant side effects associated with heavy drinking (a "hangover": headache, nausea, and vomiting) are caused by an accumulation of:

acetaldehyde

After years of heavy drinking, cirrhosis can damage the ____________.

liver

What percentage of cancers of the mouth and esophagus are associated with heavy drinking?

50%

The dietary guidelines for americans state that those who choose to drink alcoholic beverages should do so in moderation. This is defined as up to __________ drink(s) per day for women and ___________ drink(s) per day for men.

1, 2

Binge drinking is defined as consumption within a two hour period of ____________ or more drinks for a woman and __________ or more drinks for a man.

4, 5

True or False: Drinking excessive Alcohol does not have an impact on nutrient availability and, therefore, does not impair nutritional status.

False

Peristalsis

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

segmentation

mixing of food

Cephalic phase

wake up call of the GI tract

Small intenstine

primary location for digestion & absorption of nutrients

Starch

major form of carbs in plants

Amylose

simplest form of starch, carbs in plants, straight chain polymer

Amylopectin (starch)

Branched, plant carbs, starch

glyocen

animal starch, found in liver & muscle, highly branched, Digestible

Dietary Fiber

plant material that cannot be digested

salivary amylase

enzyme that begins starch digestion in the mouth

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

protein folding

the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation, shapes determine a proteins function

protein denaturation

when proteins are subject to heat, acid or other conditions that disturb their stability; protein uncoils, loses its shape, and loses its function

complete proteins

proteins that contain all nine of the essential amino acids

incomplete proteins

lack one or more essential amino acids

complementary proteins

combining incomplete proteins