Final Exam Study Outline (1)

Clinical Psychology

Focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders using techniques like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychoanalysis.

Developmental Psychology

Studies psychological changes across the lifespan, including cognitive, social, and emotional development from infancy to old age.

Cognitive Psychology

Explores mental processes such as perception, memory, thought, and problem-solving.

Personality Psychology

Investigates the structure, development, and variation of personality traits.

Social Psychology

Examines how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.

Counseling Psychology

Aims to improve well-being by helping individuals make healthier choices through various therapeutic approaches.

School Psychology

Applies psychological principles to address academic and social issues in educational settings.

Behaviorism

Focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.

Evolutionary Psychology

Examines human behavior through the lens of evolution, proposing that traits have been shaped by natural selection.

Biological Psychology

Investigates the connections between biological factors and behavior.

Independent Variables

Factors manipulated in an experiments to study their effects on dependent variables.

Dependent Variables

Outcomes measured to assess changes resulting from variations in independent variables.

Circadian Rhythm

A natural internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle over a 24-hour period.

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Learning that employs rewards and punishments to shape behavior.

Declarative Memory

Involves facts and events that require conscious recall.

Nondeclarative Memory

Includes skills and conditioned responses that are performed automatically.

Nativist Theories

Propose that language acquisition is an inherent capability.

Big Five Traits

A model for understanding personality differences, including neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Attributions and Stereotypes

Differentiation between internal and external attributions affecting perception of events and behaviors.

OCD and GAD Symptoms

OCD is characterized by persistent thoughts and repetitive behaviors; GAD involves excessive worry about everyday issues.

Client-centered Therapy

A non-directive approach emphasizing empathy and personal growth.

Eclectic Therapy

Combines multiple therapeutic approaches tailored to individual clients' needs.