Bio Final

Cell theory

All organisms are made of cells, Cell is basic unit of structure and function, News cells come from other cells

Central vacuole

Stores water, proteins, carbohydrates

Centriole

Lines up Chromatids during cell divison

Chlorophyll

Traps energy from the sun

Chloroplast

take light and create energy where photosynthesis takes place

Chromosome

23 pairs, condensed DNA

Cytoplasm

Surrounds other organells inside the cell

rough ER

synthesizing proteins

Smooth ER

produces lipids

Golgi Apparatus

Transporting proteins out of the cell

Mitochondria

makes energy from glucose, oxygen, where cell respiration takes place

Lysosome

destroys proteins

phospholipid bilayer

Cell membrane

Plasma Membrane

Protects Cell

Activation Energy

the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specific reactio

Active Site

an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

ATP

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Aerobic

oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates

Denature

take away or alter the natural qualities of

Electron Carrier

molecule capable of accepting one (or more than one) electrons from another molecule (electron donor), and then ferry these electrons to donate to another during the process of electron transport

ETC/Electron Transport Chain

last stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, is to transfer energy from the electron carriers to even more ATP molecules

Endergonic

the products being of greater free energy than the reactants

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid

Krebs Cycle

sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.

Calvin Cycle

series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose

lactic acid fermentation

a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution.

Photosystems I and II

In photosystem II, the electron comes from the splitting of water, which releases oxygen as a waste product. In photosystem I, the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain. The two photosystems absorb light energy through proteins containing pigments, such as chlorophyll

Catalyst

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

cellular respiration

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

chemical reaction

process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another

chemiosmosis

process of moving ions to the other side of a biological membrane, and as a result, an electrochemical gradient is generated. This can then be used to drive ATP synthesis

chlorophyll

natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color

rubisco

catalyses the first step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis

Mitosis

Growth and repair and reproduction in single celled organisms

Interphase

DNA is copied, cell grows

Prophase

Spindle Fibers begin to form, nucleus is gone

Metaphase

Duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

Chromosomes split up and migrate to opposite sides

Telophase

Nucleus begins to reform and cytokinesis begins

Cytokinesis

Cell Divison Complete, 2 diploid cells

Meiosis

To Produce Egg+Sperm cells for reproduction

Prophase 1

Chromosomes pair up, spindle fibers are created

Metaphse 1

Everything is lined up in the center

Anaphase 1

Chromosomes seperate

Telophase 1

Cell separates into 2

Prophase 2

Chromosomes are already paired up

Metaphase 2

Chromosomes line up

Anaphase 2

Chromosomes pull apart

Telophase 2

Creates 4 haploid gametes

Cytokinesis

Sepperating of the 2 cells

Tetrad

2 pairs of homologous chromosomes next to each other

Spindle Fiber

pulls chromosomes apart

Centriole

Helps create spindle fibers and line up chromosomes

Centromere

In middle of chromosomes and holds them together

Zygote

2 Gametes come together, same as fertilized egg

Gametes

Egg and sperm cells made during Meiosis

Daughter Cell

Cells made from mitosis and meiosis

Diploid

Paired Chromosome

Haploid

Single side of chromosomes

Crossing Over

exchange in portions of chromatids between homologous chromosomes

Recombination

Section of DNA move from one chromosome to another

Heterozygous

carrying 2 different alleles for a given phenotype

Homozygous

Carrying 2 copies of the same allele for a particular gene

Genotype

Allele makeup of with respect to the genetica makeup

Phenotype

Physical, biochemical, or behavorial expression of a particular version of a trait

Gene

Basic unit of information

Dominant

Allele that prevents a second allele from affecting the phenotype when the 2 alleles are paired together

Reccessive

An allele that has no effect on a phenotype when paired with a dominant allele

incomplete dominance

An interaction between 2 alleles of a gene in which neither one can exert its full effect causing a heterozygote to display an intermediate phenotype

Sex Linked

Found solely on X-Chromosome

Y Linked

Found Solely only y-chromosome

Carrier

Individual who has a copy of a recessive allele but does not have disease .

Codominance

Interaction between 2 allels of a gene that causes a heterozygote to display a peunotype that clearly displays effects of both alleles

Locus

Physical location 9f a gene on a chromosome.

Punnett Square

A square showing the possible genotypes and phenotypes of an individual or animal.

True Breeding

Dominant

Polygenic Traits

a genetic trait that is governed by the action of more than 1 gene

Adenine

A in DNA and RNA

Cytosine

C in DNA and RNA

Guianine

G in DNA and RNA

Thymine T in only DNA

Uracil

U in only RNA

Complementary base pair

C and G, A and T for DNA. C and G, A and U for RNA

DNA

carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms

DNA helicase

enzyme that unwinds double helix

DNA ligase

brings together neighboring fragments

DNA Polymerase

synthesizes DNA

Double Helix

Shape of DNA

Nitrogenous bases

ATCG, AUCG

primase

enzymes whose continual activity is required at the DNA replication fork

Semi-Conservative replication

each new DNA molecule has half the DNA from the old one

Okazaki fragments

forms the lagging strand and are between 1000 to 2000 nucleotides long

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

Are at the ends of the strands, 3' sugar and 5' Phosphate

Leading Strand

continuously synthesized from 5' to 3'

Lagging Strand

Made up of fragents and not continuously synthesized

Anticodon

three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA

Codon

three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA

mRNA

messenger RNA

tRNA

transfer RNA

Transcription

process by which DNA is copied to RNA