AP World- Notebook pages 14, 15, 16, 17

Facilitation of Trade

The ways governments and explorers made trade easier through new routes, technology, and policies

Royal Patronage

Kings and Queens funded explorers to gain, wealth, power, and new lands. (In Spain and Portugal)

England

Entered global expansion later than Spain and Portugal, but they soon grew powerful through colonies and trade companies

Compass

Invented by Europeans, a magnetic navigation tool used to find direction during sea voyages

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to India, helping Portugal control Indian Ocean trade

Gunpowder

Chinese invention that spread west, used in canons and firearms, changed warfare and exploration

Portugal

First major European power in exploration; led by Henry the Navigator and explorers like de Gama

Cartaz

A trade license system Portugal used to control Indian Ocean trade. (Ships needed Portuguese permission to trade)

Riches

The main motivation for exploration; included gold, spices, silver, and other valuable goods

Joint Stock

Companies where investors pooled money for voyages and shared profits and risks (Ex. British East India Company)

Germany

Made up of many states and cities, including members of the Hanseatic League (trading alliance that dominated northern Europe trade and helped connect Europe to wider commercial networks helping exploration)

Caravel

a small, fast, maneuverable ship developed by the Portuguese, key for ocean exploration

Westerlies

Strong WEST to east winds in the mid-latitudes; helped ships return to Europe.

Astrolabes

Instruments used to find latitude by measuring the stars, improved navigation accuracy, developed by Europeans

Renaissance

A cultural rebirth in Europe that sparked curiosity, learning, and exploration

Feudal ranks and grants

A land-for-loyalty system in medieval Europe; kings gave land (fiefs) to nobles and knights in exchange for service

France

Explored parts of North America (like Quebec) and competed with England and Spain for colonies

Netherlands

Became a major sea power and the Dutch East India Company dominated Indian Ocean trade

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and early voyages along Africa's coast

Trade Winds

EAST to west winds near the equator that helped sailors travel from Europe to the Americas and Africa

Printing

Invented by German Johannes Gutenberg, allowed books and knowledge to spread quickly across Europe, boosting literacy, Renaissance learning, and the Scientific Revolution

Christian Missionary Work

Efforts by Europeans (especially Spain and Portugal) to convert indigenous peoples in the Americas and Asia to Christianity

Portolan Maps

Detailed navigational maps based on compass readings and travel times, which helped European sailors chart new trade routes

Spain

A European maritime empire that focused on conquest and resource extraction in the Americas; used the encomienda system and developed a racial caste system.

Omani

Traders and seafarers from Oman who maintained local trade networks in East Africa and the Indian Ocean, even alongside Portuguese expansion

Mercantilism

Economic system where the state controlled trade to get rich and powerful, exporting more than importing, often backed by military/naval force

Imports

Goods brought into a country from foreign lands, often taxed via tariffs under mercantilist policies

Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in South America and benefited from encomienda land grants

Shimabara

Rebellion (1637-1638) in Japan caused by high taxes and anti-Catholic policies; led to national isolation (Sakoku)

National Isolation

Policy of limiting foreign contact, exemplified by Japan's Sakoku under the Tokugawa shogunate

Wheat

Staple crop exchanged during the Columbian Exchange from the Old World to the New World

Malay

Southeast Asian traders who continued to participate in Indian Ocean trade despite Portuguese presence

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire and gained encomienda land grants

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods used to protect domestic trade

National Monetary Surplus

Goal of mercantilist policies; accumulating wealth (gold and silver) by exporting more than importing

Encomienda

Spanish feudal land grant system in the Americas where settlers oversaw labor of indigenous people and spread Christianity

Atlantic System

Triangular trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and wealth

Catholicism

Main religion of Spain and Portugal that influenced missionary work and justification for conquest

Tokugawa

Japanese shogunate (1603-1867) that centralized power, controlled daimyo, and enacted national isolation policies.

Columbian Exchange

Widespread transfer of crops, animals, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds after European contact

Encomienderas

Women who inherited or managed encomiendas in Spanish America, overseeing labor and tribute while sometimes participating in colonial administration

Corn

Crop from the New World exchanged in the Columbian Exchange; became a staple in Europe, Africa, and Asia

Sugar

Cash crop from the Americas; grown on plantations using forced labor, exported to Europe as part of the Atlantic System old to new

Charter Companies

Corporations given legal permission by states (like England or the Netherlands) to settle colonies, trade, and govern in the name of the mother country.

Tobacco

Cash crop from the Americas; exported to Europe, increased demand for labor, and helped fuel the Atlantic System.

Java

Island in modern Indonesia; site of trade and interaction with Portuguese and other European traders in Asia.

Spanish

European kingdoms that focused on conquest and resource extraction in the Americas; established encomienda system and New Spain

Exports

Goods sold to other regions or countries