Bio Exam 2

Speciation

Speciation

Happens when two species are reproductively isolated

Allopatric Speciation

Occurs due to geographic or physical isolation (Mountains)

Sympatric Speciation

Occurs within the same geographic region and is driven by competition

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Prevents the flow of genetic material among populations

What two processes need to happen in order for speciation to occur?

Split of population and developing a Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

What happens when populations are separated geographically?

They can have mutations and/or natural selection

What two processes are guiding the rate of macroevolutionary charges?

Gradualism and Punctuated equilibrium

Extinction

When no more members of a species remain alive

What three ways can extinction occur?

Gradually, Mass, or Naturally

What are cells?

The smallest unit at which all processes necessary for life may occur

Colonial

All the cells doing the same job and working together

Organelles

Specialized structures with particular function

Plasma Membrane

The outer layer that provides structure, a boundary between cells and its external environment, and it regulates what goes int and out of the cell

Phospholipids

Forms a natural bilayer and the cell membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

Membranes are made up of a variety of molecules that can move around in the membrane

Passive transport

Basically diffusion with the help of protein channels, high to low concentration, and no energy is needed

Active transport

Low to high concentration, and requires energy

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of large food particle

Nucleus

“Control center” and contains DNA

Ribosomes

Help to build proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Huge folded membranes, rough and smooth types

Golgi Apparatus

“UPS of the Cell”, receives, processes, packages, and ships proteins and lipids

Mitochondria

“Powerhouse of the cell”, converts molecules into usable energy (ATP), Has their own DNA

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis, Converts light energy into chemical energy, has their own DNA

Vacuoles

“Membrane bags”, Storage of food, nutrients, or pigments

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple cell, No nucleus or organelles

Eukaryote cells

A complex cell, has a nucleus and organelles

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Energy

The capacity to do work

Work

Any change in the state or motion of matter

What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?

Energy can’t be created or destroyed, Entropy tends to increase

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite the external environment

How are Homeostasis and Fitness Related?

Energy

Metabolism

Catabolism + Anabolism

Catabolism

Breakdown complex molecules into simple ones

Anabolism

Make complex molecules into simple ones

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Molecule, cells use this special form of energy

Where do all organisms get their ATP?

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Which phosphate bond stores the energy?

The 3rd phosphate bond

Photosynthesis

Converts light energy into chemical energy in the chloroplast

Respiration

Converts chemical energy into the mitochondria

Photosynthetic Pigments

Molecules that absorb light energy, transfer it to electrons, and pass it on/reflect

What is the Equation for Photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + Water —> Glucose + Oxygen

What is the goal of Photosynthesis?

To make glucose

What is the waste product in Photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What are the major types of reactions?

Light and Dark Reactions

Light Reactions

Light excites electrons which is used to make ATP

Dark Reactions

Takes energy from ATP and stores it in a more stable sugar molecule

What is the respiration equation?

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ATP)

Why can we not do respiration in one step?

Hard to control and Most of the energy is lost

Aerobic respiration

In the presence of O2

What are the 3 major steps in aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, The citric acid cycle, and Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis

Glycolysis

Breaking glucose in half and happens outside of the mitochondria

The citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of the carbon molecules into CO2 and makes some ATP

Electron transport chain

Generates ATP from a molecule and has a huge return of ATP

What step of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP?

Electron Transport Chain

In aerobic respiration, how much ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule?

36 - 38 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

without Oxygen

Why do we not like to use anaerobic respiration to make ATP?

It’s less efficient (Just glycolysis)

Which type of respiration produces a toxin?

Anaerobic Respiration