unit 2, period 2: 1607-1754

effects of colonization in North America

destruction of Indian culture, permanent settlements for whites, wealth for European nations

colonial regions

- New England: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut
- Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey
- Chesapeake: Virginia, Maryland
- Southern: Carolinas, Georgia

proprietary colonies

colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king; Carolinas, the Jerseys, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, and Pennsylvania

improved exploration technologies

caravels, astrolabe, sextant, magnetic compass, maps with longitude + latitude

Vasco de Gama (1498)

Portuguese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)

led the first exploration to circumnavigate the globe

Samuel Champlain (1604-1616)

founded Quebec after failing to find a northwest route to India

economies of American colonies

- northern: craftsmen
- mid-atlantic: farmers, fishermen, merchants
- southern: agriculture-based

French colonial economy

based on fur trade, lumbering, small-scale farming

French colonial government

royal control; strictly controlled by governors

French colonial society

friendly with the natives, traded as allies and allowed intermarriage

New Amsterdam

a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island; modern-day New York

Dutch colonies

allowed anyone to immigrate in order to attract settlers, one of the most diverse colonies, first to participate in slave trade

English settlement motivations

- no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World
- different motivations led to different types of colonies: gain wealth from cash crops, fear during English Civil War + Glorious Revolution, religious freedom + escape persecution

salutary neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty; colonists could create local laws + taxes in their colonial assemblies

British colonial government

self-governed

British colonial society

never made attempts to convert, marry, or trade with natives

frontiers of inclusion

Spanish and French colonization model which involved natives within colonial society

frontiers of exclusion

English colonization model which excluded native Americans from colonial society

separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England (ex. Pilgrims, Quakers)

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization

indentured servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

London Company

a joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

Mayflower Compact (1620)

established self-government in the Plymouth colony; social contract

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Pilgrims

group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Great Migration

thousands of migrants from England coming to Massachusetts Bay due to religious and political conflict

Lord Baltimore

founded Maryland in 1634 as a safe haven for Catholics

Roger Williams

dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state; banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson

preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders; was also banished to Rhode Island

antinomianism

the idea that since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws

Thomas Hooker

Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut

Halfway Covenant

1662 Puritan church document that allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church

British West Indies

the islands in and around the Caribbean that were part of the British Empire; mainly focused on sugar production

tobacco farms

small farms in North Carolina

middle colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Chesapeak colonies

Virginia, Maryland

William Penn

Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity

Frame of Government

1682-1683; guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners in Pennsylvania

Charter of Liberties

1701; guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration in Pennsylvania

James Oglethorpe

founded Georgia in 1733

House of Burgesses

first American elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618

triangular trade

three way system of trade during 1600-1800 between Africa, European colonies, and Europe itself

Navigation Acts

acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies

mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by exporting more than they were importing

Dominion of New England

1686; British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor, ended in 1689

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

New England Confederation

1643; formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

1675-1676; period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England, an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia; adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry'

Bacon's Rebellion

1676; a rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land and against the governor

headright system

Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

reasons for increased demand of slaves

reduced migration, dependable workforce, cheap labor

ways in which Africans resisted slavery

work slow-downs, breaking tools, rebellions, running away, preserving cultures + traditions

established church

a church supported by the government

Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s

Jonathan Edwards

preacher during the First Great Awakening; "sinners in the hands of angry God"

George Whitefield

taught that ordinary people with faith and sincerity could understand the gospels without ministers to lead them

religious impact of the Great Awakening

-emotionalism became a common part of Protestant services
-ministers lost former authority among those who now studied Bible in their own homes
-caused divisions within churches (ex: Congregational and Presbyterian) between those supporting New Lights/Old Lights
-more evangelical sects (Baptists/Methodists) attracted large numbers
-separation of church and state

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

favorable balance of trade

an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad