AP Psych: Motivation and Emotion

motivation

a need or desire that directs behavior

extrinsic motivation

Desire to perform a behavior bc it leads to an outcome that is external to the person. Ex. for reward or to avoid punishment

intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

instincts

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

instinct approach

approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.

need

a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

drive

an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction

drive-reduction theory

A physical need creates a drive to satisfy the need.

primary drives

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

acquired (secondary) drives

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

homeostasis

organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

stimulus motive

a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Yerkes-Dodson law

optimum stress necessary for optimum performance

Too much stress= bad; too little= bad

 right amount = positive/optimal performance.

High difficulty need low stress, low difficulty need high stress

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action, a pull.

incentive approaches

motivation where behavior is explained bc of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

weight set point

the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

leptin

a hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food, reduces the appetite, increases the feeling of being full

anorexia nervosa

a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs

bulimia nervosa

a person develops a cycle of "binging," then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

emotion

Complex state of feelings that influence thought & behavior.

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time

Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/

Singer and Schachter's Two Factor

theory in which both the physical arousal and the COGNITIVE LABEL of that arousal( based on cues from the environment) must occur before the emotion is experienced

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization

Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization

ventromedial hypothalamus

stops the eating response; lets us know we are full

if damaged, we would continue to eat.

lateral hypothamalus

initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry

if damaged, we would starve

Achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Ability to form judgments of certain stimulus based on prior experience.

Behavioral medicine

an interdisciplinary field that has behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Catharsis

emotional release. ie. "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

The tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A model of the body's response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion.

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Industrial-organization (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies,

measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

Problem-focused coping

addresses a problem or stressor directly in an attempt to alleviate or eliminate it.

Psychophysiological illness

"mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

stress related physical illness

Refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Sexual disorder

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (hetero)

Sexual response cycle

four stages of sexual responding (Masters and Johnson) excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Stress

emotional response challenges (real or not) or threats

Subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. used with measures of objective well-being

ex. physical and economic indicators to evaluate people's quality of life.

Task leadership

goal-oriented leadership, sets standards, organizes work, focuses attention on goals

Type A

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

easygoing, relaxed people

Theory X (in terms of leadership)

Managers who assume that work is innately unpleasant and people have a strong desire to avoid it; believe employees need direction, dislike responsibility, be kept in line.

Theory Y

The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

Positive stress, helps people reach goal

distress

bad stress. extreme anxiety.

Ekman

Changes in facial expression brings about emotion like changes in the body

Izard

Believes the infants can express several basic emotions as early as 10 weeks of age

Pscyhoneuroimmunology (PNI)

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Estrogen

Female sex hormone

Testosterone

Male sex hormone

acute stressors

threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

chronic stressors

threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit

plateau phase

excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, secretion of fluids and blood pressure rates continue to increase

ghrelin

a hormone produced that increases feelings of hunger.