Human anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the human body, we are studying gross anatomy

Organization of the human body

Cellular level

Tissue level- A group of cells that function collectively for a common purpose

Organ level- Tissues come together to form an organ for a function

Organ system level- All organs together to serve a purpose

Organism level- The human body

4 main elements in the human body

1. Oxygen

2. Carbon

3. Hydrogen

4. Nitrogen

Integumentary system

Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control

Skeletal system

support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation

Muscular system

locomotion, support, heat production

nervous system

directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

endocrine system

directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

cardiovascular system

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

lymphatic system

Defense against infection and disease

respiratory system

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

digestive system

processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

urinary system

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

Reproduction system

production of sex cells and hormones

Anatomical position

standing or laying supine with feet facing forwards and hands by the side with palms facing forwards

Ventral (Anterior)

toward the front of the body (toward the front of the chest)

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body (towards the spine)

Cranial (superior)

towards the head

Caudal (inferior)

towards the feet

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Towards the slide or away from the midline

Proximal

Close to the heart or trunk or origin of the upper or lower extremity

Distal

Farthest from the heart or trunk

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse (horizontal) plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

right upper quadrant

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, pancreas, small and large intestine

left upper quadrant

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the large intestine

right lower quadrant

the cecum, appendix, portions of the small intestines, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

left lower quadrant

most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter,left ovary, and left spermatic cord

parietal membrane

Outer lining; outer wall. Lines the wall of the body

viscera membrane

Innermost lining; direct attachment to the organ. lines the organ.

Thoracic Cavity (part of ventral cavity)

Pleural Cavity (Lungs)

Pericardial Cavity (Heart)

Mediastinum Cavity (Space between lungs)

Abdominal Cavity (part of ventral cavity)(Part of abdominopelvic cavity)

Peritoneal Cavity (Stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.)

Pelvic Cavity (part of ventral cavity)(Part of abdominopelvic cavity)

Urinary Bladder

Dorsal Cavity

Cranial Cavity (Brain)

Spinal Cavity (Spinal Cord)

skeletal system

Consists of 206 bones

Functions:

Movement- muscles attach to bones

Protection-of organs

Support- tissues attach, leverage

Hemopoiesis- produces red blood cells

storage- calcium and phosphorus

Long bones

longer than they are wide

Short bones

cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

Flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face

Epiphysis

Ends of a long bone and composed of spongy (cancellous) bone. Hyaline cartilage covers the epiphysis, where a joint is formed.

metaphysis

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during the development of a long bone. (growth plate)

diaphysis

The thicker portion of a long bone or the shaft of the long bone (middle section). The diaphysis is composed of dense (compact) bone and contains the medullary cavity, consisting of both red marrow (children) and yellow marrow.

Periosteum

Tough, membranous tissue that covers the outer surface of the diaphysis and part of the epiphysis. The membrane is where both nerves and blood vessels enter to supply the bone.

Endosteum

The inner lining of the bone, which lines the medullary cavity.

compact bone

rigid outer bone

Spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

red bone marrow

produces red and white blood cells and platelets and stem cells

Ostepcytes

mature bone cell

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclast

Bone-destroying cells

axial skeleton

consists of 80 bones, contains the skull, facial bones, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

Frontal bone

forehead

Parietal bone

top of head

temporal bone

sphenoid bone

Can't see from the outside, butterfly shaped

ethmoid bone

Olfactory nerve

Maxilla

upper jaw

Mandible

lower jaw

zygomatic arch

cheek bone

hyoid

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

lambdoid suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

saggital suture

separates the left and right parietal bone

Coronal Suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

vetebral column

encloses and protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as a point of attachment for ribs and muscle. Connects the pelvis to the sacrum

cervical spine

Also known as the neck, is comprised of seven vertebral bodies (C1-C7) that make up the uppermost part of the spine. These vertebrae connect the spine to the skull. which contain the transverse foramina (small holes)

Vertebral Components

Vertebral Body: Anterior portion of the vertebral body with flat superior and inferior portions

Intervertebral Discs: Water-filled pad to aid in shock absorption and protect vertebrae

Transverse Processes: Lateral bony projections that serve as an attachment site for muscles

Spinous Process: Posterior projection ("bumps" of your spine)

Vertebral foramen: Large opening for the spinal cord

Thoracic spine

vertebrae that connect with each rib pairing, and are located in the thorax area (12)

Lumbar spine

Large vertebral body vertebrae (low back) (5)

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

thoracic cage

True ribs: 1-7

False ribs: 8-10

Floating ribs: 11-12

Sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

appendicular skeleton

Consists of 126 bones

made up of:

Pectoral girdle- Scapula and clavicle

Upper extremity- Pectoral girdle to fingers