Bio 168 Unit 2

What are the two main types of body membranes

Epithelial membranes and connective tissue membranes

What is a cutaneous membrane

A dry membrane exposed to air that protects and covers the body (skin)

What is a mucous membrane

A wet membrane that lines cavities open to the exterior and makes mucus to lubricate and help with absorption

What is a serous membrane

A wet membrane that lines cavities closed to the exterior and has two layers with a fluid-filled space between them

What are connective tissue membranes made of

Connective tissue (usually soft areolar connective tissue) and no epithelium

What is a synovial membrane

A membrane in joint capsules that lubricates joints and allows movement

What type of tissue is the epidermis

Stratified squamous epithelium

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular and what does that mean

Avascular which means it has no blood vessels

How many layers does the epidermis have

Five layers

What happens in the stratum basale

Cells divide here and it contains melanocytes

What happens in the stratum spinosum

Cells continue dividing and contain spiny cells

What happens in the stratum granulosum

Cells begin dying and contain granules

What is special about the stratum lucidum

Made of dead cells and only found on palms and soles

What happens in the stratum corneum

Contains dead cells filled with tough keratin protein and is the thickest layer

What mnemonic helps remember the epidermis layers

Bring Some Good Luck Charms

What type of tissue makes up the dermis

Dense connective tissue

What structures are found in the dermis

Collagen fibers elastic fibers blood vessels phagocytes receptors and glands

What are the two main layers of the dermis

Papillary layer and reticular layer

Where is the papillary layer located

Just under the epidermis

What does the papillary layer form

Ridges that form fingerprints

What structures are in the papillary layer

Capillaries pain receptors free nerve endings and touch receptors Meissner corpuscles

What type of fibers are in the reticular layer

Thick collagen fibers and elastic fibers

What receptors are in the reticular layer

Pressure receptors Pacinian corpuscles

What other structures are found in the reticular layer

Blood vessels phagocytes sweat glands oil glands and hair follicles

What do sudoriferous glands do

Produce sweat

What do sebaceous glands do

Produce oil to lubricate and protect hair and skin

What is the hypodermis made of

Adipose tissue or fat

Is the hypodermis technically part of the skin

No but it anchors the skin to the tissue below

What causes athlete’s foot and what are its symptoms

Fungal infection causing itchy red skin aggravated by closed shoes

What are boils and carbuncles

Inflammation of sebaceous gland or hair follicle caused by bacterial infection

What is impetigo

Pink raised pus filled lesion with yellow crust caused by bacterial infection

What is a cold sore

Stinging blister caused by herpes simplex virus

What is psoriasis

Red lesions with silvery scales caused by overproduction of keratinocytes and is an autoimmune disease

What is the Rule of Nines used for

To determine extent of burn and fluid volume loss

How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines

Into 11 areas each representing 9 percent of total surface area with remaining 1 percent being the perineum

What is the skeleton made of

Bone cartilage ligaments and joints

What do ligaments connect

Bone to bone

What do tendons connect

Muscle to bone

What are joints

Places where bones meet and movement can occur

What are the two subdivisions of the skeletal system

Axial and appendicular

What does the axial skeleton include

Skull vertebral column and bony thorax ribs and sternum

What does the appendicular skeleton include

Pectoral girdle pelvic girdle and limbs

What are the two kinds of osseous tissue

Compact bone and spongy bone

What is compact bone

Dense weight bearing bone that provides strength and support

What is spongy bone

Bone with holes that house bone marrow and is not as strong as compact bone

What are the four main types of bones based on shape

Flat long short and irregular

What is a flat bone and example

Usually slightly curved example skull bones

What is a long bone and example

Longer than wide example femur and phalanges

What is a short bone and example

Cube shaped example carpals

What is an irregular bone and example

No specific shape example vertebrae

What is the structural unit of compact bone

Osteon or Haversian system

What are lamellae

Solid rings of bone in an osteon

What are lacunae

Spaces between lamellae

What is the central Haversian canal

Canal that contains blood vessels and nerves

What are canaliculi

Tiny canals connecting lacunae

What do osteoclasts do

Break down bone

What do osteoblasts do

Build bone

What do osteocytes do

Mature bone cells that maintain bone

What is ossification

Process of bone formation when osteoblasts lay down bony matrix

What is endochondral ossification

Bone formation from a hyaline cartilage model

What is intramembranous ossification

Bone formation that occurs on top of a membrane

How is blood calcium regulated when levels are low

Osteoclasts remove calcium from bone stimulated by parathyroid hormone from parathyroid gland

How is blood calcium regulated when levels are high

Osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone stimulated by calcitonin from thyroid gland

What is a simple fracture

Fracture closed to the outside

What is a compound fracture

Fracture that breaks through the skin

What is a comminuted fracture

Bone breaks into small fragments common in elderly

What is a compression fracture

Crushed osteoporotic bone common in elderly

What is a depressed fracture

Broken bone pressed inward common in skull

What is an impacted fracture

Broken ends forced into each other often from fall on outstretched arms

What is a spiral fracture

Ragged ends from twisting force common in sports injury

What is a greenstick fracture

Incomplete break common in children

What is a Colles fracture

Distal radius fracture with posterior displacement from fall on outstretched hand

What is a Pott fracture

Ankle fracture with lateral foot displacement

What is scoliosis

Left to right spinal curvature

What is kyphosis

Humpback curvature of spine

What is lordosis

Swayback curvature of spine

What does the axial skeleton include specifically

Skull vertebrae ribs and sternum

What does the temporal bone include

Zygomatic process mandibular fossa external and internal auditory meatus styloid process mastoid process and petrous region

What is the sella turcica and where is it located

Depression in sphenoid bone that encloses the pituitary gland

What are functions of the sphenoid bone

Forms cranium keystone part of orbit anchors pterygoid muscles and contains foramina for optic and jaw nerves and blood vessels

What is the ethmoid bone known for

Complex deepest skull bone between sphenoid and nasal bones

What does the crista galli do

Secures brain in place

What does the ethmoid bone contain

Sinuses nasal conchae and foramina for olfactory nerves

What are parts of a typical vertebra

Body spinous process transverse processes vertebral foramen superior and inferior articular processes

What is special about C1 atlas

No body carries skull articulates with occipital condyle allows nodding

What is special about C2 axis

Has dens that allows rotation for saying no

What is unique about thoracic vertebrae

T1 to T12 articulate with ribs

What is unique about lumbar vertebrae

L1 to L5 have large bodies for support and no rotation

What is the sacrum

Five fused bones center of gravity of body

What is the coccyx

Four fused bones forming tailbone

What is the sacral gap used for

Access for epidural injection and caudal anesthesia

What bones make up the pectoral girdle

Clavicle and scapula

What is the glenoid cavity

Depression in scapula that articulates with humerus

What bones make up the upper limb

Humerus ulna radius carpals metacarpals and phalanges

What bones make up the pelvic girdle

Coxal bone made of ilium ischium and pubis with acetabulum

What bones make up the lower limb

Femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals and phalanges

What are important features of the femur and tibia to know

Femur head and neck tibial tuberosity and tibial crest

What are the main tarsal bones to know

Talus and calcaneus

What are synarthroses

Immovable joints example skull