aphg unit 2 vocab

crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year

crude death rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year

natural increase rate (NIR)

the percentage growth of a population in a year, calculated as CBR-CDR

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn is expected to live

demographic transition model (DTM)

a model showing population change through four/five stages based on birth and death rates

epidemiologic transition model (ETM)

a model that explains changes in disease patterns as countries develop

population pyramid

a graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a population

dependency ratio

the ratio of people too young or too old to work compared to the working-age population

carrying capacity

the maximum population size an environment can support

overpopulation

when a population exceeds the carrying capacity of an area

malthusian theory

the idea that population grows faster than food supply, leading to scarcity

neo-malthusians

modern supporters of malthus’ ideas, focusing on resource depletion beyond just food

pronatalist policy

a government policy encouraging higher birth rates

antinatalist policy

a government policy aimed at reducing birth rates

migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

emigration

leaving a country to live elsewhere

immigration

moving into a new country

net migration

the difference between immigration and emigration

push factor

a negative condition that encourages people to leave an area

pull factor

a positive condition that attracts people to a new area

refugee

a person forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or disaster

internally displaced person (IDP)

someone forced to leave their home but remains within their country

chain migration

migration where people follow family or community members to a new location

step migration

migration that occurs in stages, often from a rural area to a small town then to a city

intervening obstacle

a barrier that prevents migration (immigration laws, distance, physical barriers)

brain drain

the emigration of highly skilled workers from a country

remittances

money sent by migrants back to their home country