Standard 7 study guide

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement for greater democracy for the "common man."

Expanded suffrage, stronger presidency

Universal White Male Suffrage

Ended property qualifications for white male voters.

Increased political participation

Spoils System

Rewarding supporters with government jobs.

Linked to party loyalty and corruption

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina claimed right to nullify federal tariffs.

Tested states' rights vs. federal power

Indian Removal Act

Forced relocation of tribes west of Mississippi

Trail of Tears; limits of democracy

Henry Clay / American System

National plan: tariffs, bank, internal improvements.

Regional economic unity

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival stressing salvation and reform.

Catalyst for social movements

Temperance Movement

Effort to limit alcohol use.

Linked morality to social reform

Horace Mann

Education reformer advocating free public schools.

Foundation of modern schooling

Seneca Falls Convention

First women's rights meeting, 1848.

Declaration of Sentiments

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

1831 slave uprising in Virginia.

Tougher slave codes

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery immediately

Heightened sectional tension

William Lloyd Garrison

Editor of The Liberator.

Moral suasion for immediate emancipation

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved orator/editor of The North Star

Combined moral and political appeals

1812: End of War of 1812

Boosted industry & nationalism.

1824: "Corrupt Bargain" Election

Split Democratic-Republicans → Democrats vs. Whigs

1828: Jackson elected; Tariff of Abominations

Rise of “common man” politics; sectional tariff dispute.

1830: Indian Removal Act

Forced tribal relocation west

1832: Nullification Crisis

S.C. challenges tariff; Jackson asserts federal power.

1835–1838: Trail of Tears

~16,000 Cherokee removed; >4,000 deaths.

1837: Panic of 1837

Economic downturn after Bank War

1831: Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Violent slave uprising; stricter codes.

1848: Seneca Falls Convention

Launch of women’s rights movement.

How did the expansion of suffrage during Jackson's presidency reflect changing ideas about democracy in the United States?

White men no longer needed property to vote, showing more political equality—but women, African Americans, and Native Americans were still excluded.

In what ways did the Nullification Crisis test the balance of power between the federal government and the states?

South Carolina challenged federal tariffs; Jackson showed the federal government was stronger than the states.

How did Andrew Jackson's use of the veto and the spoils system change the power of the presidency?

Jackson used the veto more and gave supporters government jobs, making the presidency stronger but encouraging corruption.

Explain how the Indian Removal Act reflected both the goals and contradictions of Jacksonian Democracy.

Opened land for white settlers but violated Native American rights, showing contradictions in Jacksonian Democracy.

How did the outcome of the Election of 1824 shape Andrew Jackson's political strategy and public image?

Losing in the “Corrupt Bargain” helped Jackson build a populist image and win in 1828.

How did Henry Clay's American System attempt to connect the North, South, and West economically?

Clay wanted tariffs, a national bank, and roads/canals to connect the regions.

In what ways did new transportation technologies (canals, railroads, and steamboats) transform regional economies?

Canals, railroads, and steamboats made trade cheaper, opened new markets, and linked regions.

How did the Bank War reflect the tension between national economic control and states’ rights?

Jackson hated the National Bank because it favored elites, destroyed it, but caused financial problems.

What role did tariffs play in strengthening some regions of the United States while creating division in others?

Helped the North but hurt the South, increasing sectional tension.

Explain how industrialization in the North affected the agricultural economy of the South and West.

Northern factories needed Southern cotton and Western food, connecting regions but widening the North–South divide.

How did the religious ideas of the Second Great Awakening inspire Americans to become active in reform movements?

Revivalism pushed Americans to reform society through education, temperance, abolition, and women’s rights.

In what ways did the Temperance Movement use moral and religious arguments to promote social change?

Linked alcohol to sin and abuse, making abstinence a moral duty.

How did Horace Mann's education reforms reflect the belief that democracy depended on an informed citizenry?

Public education was needed to create informed citizens for democracy.

What connections can be seen between women's involvement in reform movements and their later demands for equality?

Leadership in reform gave women experience that fueled the women’s rights movement.

How did revivalism contribute to both unity and conflict within American society during the 1830s and 1840s?

United people morally but caused conflicts over slavery, gender roles, and religion.

How did the invention of the cotton gin change the economic importance of slavery in the South?

Made cotton profitable and expanded slavery.

In what ways did slave rebellions like Nat Turner’s affect laws and attitudes toward slavery in the South?

Scared Southerners, leading to stricter laws and harsher treatment of enslaved people.

How did abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison differ in their methods of promoting freedom?

Garrison wanted immediate emancipation; Douglass used speeches, writing, and politics.

Explain how debates over slavery influenced national politics and party divisions in the 1830s.

Slavery debates divided parties and increased sectional tensions.

How did the rise of abolitionism reflect the broader moral and reform spirit of the Age of Jackson?

Grew from the same moral and reform spirit as other movements, emphasizing equality.

Culted Domesticity

The men were in public space, while women were in private space (homes, labor, cleaning)

What event marked the beginning of the organized women's rights movement in the United States?

The Seneca Falls Convention issued its declaration.

What does the graph reveal about the impact of industrialization during the Age of Jackson?

Manufacturing grew rapidly as transportation and labor improved.

Which development MOST directly reduced the cost and time of shipping goods between the Northeast and the West in the 1820s?

Canals

Protective Tariff

Encourage buying U.S. goods by taxing imports (Northern manufacturers)

Opposition: Southern planters (higher import costs)

National Bank

Stabilize currency & regulate credit (Business owners & federal gov’t)

Opposition:Jacksonian Democrats (anti-bank)

Internal Improvements

Build roads, canals, & bridges (Western farmers & merchants)

States’-rights advocates (cost & control)