Sociological Research Methods

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111 Terms

1

Secondary data

Data collected by others, such as existing datasets or literature reviews

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Cross-Sectional Studies

Analysis of data collected at a single point in time to study relationships between variables.

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SPSS

Statistical software used for data analysis

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4

Internal validity

Extent to which research design ensures findings are due to independent variable

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5

Sampling frame

A list of individuals or cases from which the sample is drawn

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6

In-Depth Interviews

Open-ended, semi-structured, or unstructured interviews to gather detailed information.

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7

Content Analysis (Qualitative)

Interpretive analysis of texts, images, or videos to identify themes and meanings.

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8

Sequential Mixed-Methods

Alternating between quantitative and qualitative methods to answer different research questions.

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9

Introduction

Section providing background information for research

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10

Action Research

Collaborative research with participants to identify and solve social problems.

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11

Content Analysis

Systematic analysis of texts, images, or videos

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12

Literature review

Section that reviews previous information related to research

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13

Sociological research methods

Provide a systematic approach to understanding social phenomena

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14

Panel Studies

Longitudinal research following a sample over time

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15

Life History Research

Collection and analysis of personal narratives and life stories.

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16

Concurrent Mixed-Methods

Simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods to answer the same research question.

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17

Focus Groups

Group discussions led by a moderator to explore attitudes, opinions, and experiences.

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18

Research report

Document presenting research findings and methodology

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19

Bias

Systematic error or distortion in measurement

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20

Variable

Characteristic that can be measured or observed

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21

Content analysis

Method used to analyze text or other media to identify patterns or themes

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22

Confidentiality

Protection of participants' privacy and anonymity

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23

Correlational Studies

Examination of relationships between variables

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24

Embedded Mixed-Methods

Integration of quantitative and qualitative methods within a single study.

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25

Data collection methods

Techniques used to gather data

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26

Member checking

Verifying findings with participants or stakeholders

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27

Measurement

Process of assigning numbers to variables to represent quantities

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28

Debriefing

Informing participants about research after completion

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29

Deception

Use of misleading information to obtain consent

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30

Descriptive statistics

Methods used to summarize and describe data

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31

Measurement scales

Levels of measurement like nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales

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32

Discourse Analysis

Examination of language and communication to understand social structures and power dynamics.

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33

Abstract

Brief summary of a research report

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34

Operationalization

Defining and measuring a variable

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35

Triangulation

Use of multiple methods to increase validity of findings

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36

Sampling error

The difference between the sample and the population, affecting the accuracy of findings

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37

External validity

Extent to which findings can be generalized to other populations or contexts

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38

Informed consent

Participants' voluntary agreement to participate in research

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39

Ethics committees

Groups that review research proposals for ethical standards

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40

Inferential statistics

Methods used to make inferences about the population based on sample data

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41

Case Studies

In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases to gain detailed insights.

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42

Reliability

Consistency or dependability of a measure

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43

Ethnography

Participant observation and immersion in a social setting to study culture and behavior.

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44

Secondary Data Analysis

Analysis of existing data collected by others

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45

Participatory Action Research

Involvement of participants in the research process to increase empowerment and social change.

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46

Research objectives

Specific goals or outcomes that the research aims to achieve

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47

Anonymity

Protection of participants' identities

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48

Experimental design

Involves manipulating variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable

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49

Experiments

Controlled studies to test cause-and-effect relationships

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50

Validity

Accuracy or truthfulness of a measure

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51

Surveys

Self-administered questionnaires to collect data from a sample

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52

Critical Discourse Analysis

Examination of language and communication to understand power dynamics and social inequality.

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53

Grounded Theory

Inductive approach to develop theories and concepts from data.

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54

Historical Research

Analysis of historical events, documents, and artifacts to understand social phenomena.

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55

Comparative Research

Cross-cultural or cross-national studies to identify similarities and differences.

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56

Evaluation Research

Assessment of programs, policies, or interventions to determine their effectiveness.

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57

Online Surveys

Web-based questionnaires to collect data from a large sample of people.

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58

Social Media Analysis

Examination of social media data to understand social trends and behaviors.

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59

Online Ethnography

Virtual participant observation and immersion in online communities.

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60

Web Scraping

Automated collection of data from websites and online platforms.

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61

Online Experiments

Controlled studies conducted online to test cause-and-effect relationships.

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62

Biographical Research

Study of individual lives and experiences to understand social phenomena.

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63

Visual Sociology

Use of images and videos to study social phenomena and communicate research findings.

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64

Audio Sociology

Use of audio recordings to study social phenomena and communicate research findings.

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65

Spatial Analysis

Examination of geographic data to understand social patterns and relationships.

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66

Network Analysis

Study of social networks and relationships to understand social structures and behaviors.

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67

Improved understanding of social phenomena

Sociological research methods help us understand complex social issues, behaviors, and relationships.

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68

Informed policy-making

Research findings inform policy decisions, leading to more effective and evidence-based policies that address social problems.

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69

Social change and reform

Sociological research can contribute to social change by highlighting inequalities, injustices, and areas for improvement, leading to reforms and positive change.

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70

Empowerment and advocacy

Research can empower marginalized groups, giving them a voice and promoting their rights and interests.

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71

Improved social services

Research informs the development of social services, programs, and interventions, leading to more effective support for individuals and communities.

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72

Enhanced critical thinking and problem-solving

Sociological research methods promote critical thinking, analytical skills, and problem-solving abilities.

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73

Interdisciplinary collaboration

Sociological research often involves collaboration with other disciplines, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of social issues.

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Increased transparency and accountability

Research can promote transparency and accountability in institutions, organizations, and governments.

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75

Development of new theories and concepts

Sociological research leads to the development of new theories, concepts, and frameworks that advance our understanding of social phenomena.

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76

Improved data quality and management

Sociological research methods promote the development of high-quality data and effective data management practices.

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77

Methodological limitations

Research methods can be limited by biases, sampling errors, and measurement issues, which can affect the validity and reliability of findings.

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78

Ethical concerns

Sociological research can raise ethical concerns, such as privacy violations, informed consent issues, and potential harm to participants.

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79

Objectivity

Unbiased and impartial approach in research

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80

Quantitative methods

Research techniques focused on numerical data

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81

Generalizability

Extent to which research findings apply to other populations or contexts

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82

Research fatigue

Participants feeling tired or bored during data collection

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83

Privacy invasion

Collecting personal data without consent

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84

Power dynamics

Imbalance of power between researchers and participants

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85

Misuse of findings

Incorrect interpretation or application of research results

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86

Resource intensive

Requiring significant funding, time, and personnel

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87

Publication bias

Tendency to publish only significant or positive results

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88

Diversity in research teams

Including varied perspectives in research groups

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89

Research methods purpose

Aims and goals of conducting research

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90

Description

Systematic and objective depiction of social phenomena

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91

Explanation

Identifying causes and mechanisms behind social issues

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92

Prediction

Forecasting future social trends based on past patterns

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93

Understanding

Gaining deeper insight into social problems and solutions

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94

Evaluation

Assessing effectiveness of social policies and programs

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95

Theory development

Creating and testing theories explaining social phenomena

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96

Social change

Contributing to addressing inequality and social problems

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97

Policy development

Informing decision-making through research findings

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98

Program development

Creating and assessing social interventions

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99

Knowledge advancement

Contributing to the growth of sociological knowledge

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100

Systematic approach

Used for investigating social phenomena

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