Data collected by others, such as existing datasets or literature reviews
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Cross-Sectional Studies
Analysis of data collected at a single point in time to study relationships between variables.
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SPSS
Statistical software used for data analysis
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Internal validity
Extent to which research design ensures findings are due to independent variable
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Sampling frame
A list of individuals or cases from which the sample is drawn
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In-Depth Interviews
Open-ended, semi-structured, or unstructured interviews to gather detailed information.
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Content Analysis (Qualitative)
Interpretive analysis of texts, images, or videos to identify themes and meanings.
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Sequential Mixed-Methods
Alternating between quantitative and qualitative methods to answer different research questions.
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Introduction
Section providing background information for research
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Action Research
Collaborative research with participants to identify and solve social problems.
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Content Analysis
Systematic analysis of texts, images, or videos
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Literature review
Section that reviews previous information related to research
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Sociological research methods
Provide a systematic approach to understanding social phenomena
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Panel Studies
Longitudinal research following a sample over time
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Life History Research
Collection and analysis of personal narratives and life stories.
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Concurrent Mixed-Methods
Simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods to answer the same research question.
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Focus Groups
Group discussions led by a moderator to explore attitudes, opinions, and experiences.
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Research report
Document presenting research findings and methodology
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Bias
Systematic error or distortion in measurement
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Variable
Characteristic that can be measured or observed
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Content analysis
Method used to analyze text or other media to identify patterns or themes
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Confidentiality
Protection of participants' privacy and anonymity
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Correlational Studies
Examination of relationships between variables
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Embedded Mixed-Methods
Integration of quantitative and qualitative methods within a single study.
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Data collection methods
Techniques used to gather data
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Member checking
Verifying findings with participants or stakeholders
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Measurement
Process of assigning numbers to variables to represent quantities
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Debriefing
Informing participants about research after completion
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Deception
Use of misleading information to obtain consent
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Descriptive statistics
Methods used to summarize and describe data
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Measurement scales
Levels of measurement like nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales
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Discourse Analysis
Examination of language and communication to understand social structures and power dynamics.
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Abstract
Brief summary of a research report
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Operationalization
Defining and measuring a variable
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Triangulation
Use of multiple methods to increase validity of findings
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Sampling error
The difference between the sample and the population, affecting the accuracy of findings
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External validity
Extent to which findings can be generalized to other populations or contexts
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Informed consent
Participants' voluntary agreement to participate in research
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Ethics committees
Groups that review research proposals for ethical standards
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Inferential statistics
Methods used to make inferences about the population based on sample data
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Case Studies
In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases to gain detailed insights.
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Reliability
Consistency or dependability of a measure
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Ethnography
Participant observation and immersion in a social setting to study culture and behavior.
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Secondary Data Analysis
Analysis of existing data collected by others
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Participatory Action Research
Involvement of participants in the research process to increase empowerment and social change.
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Research objectives
Specific goals or outcomes that the research aims to achieve
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Anonymity
Protection of participants' identities
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Experimental design
Involves manipulating variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable
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Experiments
Controlled studies to test cause-and-effect relationships
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Validity
Accuracy or truthfulness of a measure
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Surveys
Self-administered questionnaires to collect data from a sample
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Critical Discourse Analysis
Examination of language and communication to understand power dynamics and social inequality.
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Grounded Theory
Inductive approach to develop theories and concepts from data.
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Historical Research
Analysis of historical events, documents, and artifacts to understand social phenomena.
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Comparative Research
Cross-cultural or cross-national studies to identify similarities and differences.
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Evaluation Research
Assessment of programs, policies, or interventions to determine their effectiveness.
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Online Surveys
Web-based questionnaires to collect data from a large sample of people.
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Social Media Analysis
Examination of social media data to understand social trends and behaviors.
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Online Ethnography
Virtual participant observation and immersion in online communities.
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Web Scraping
Automated collection of data from websites and online platforms.
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Online Experiments
Controlled studies conducted online to test cause-and-effect relationships.
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Biographical Research
Study of individual lives and experiences to understand social phenomena.
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Visual Sociology
Use of images and videos to study social phenomena and communicate research findings.
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Audio Sociology
Use of audio recordings to study social phenomena and communicate research findings.
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Spatial Analysis
Examination of geographic data to understand social patterns and relationships.
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Network Analysis
Study of social networks and relationships to understand social structures and behaviors.
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Improved understanding of social phenomena
Sociological research methods help us understand complex social issues, behaviors, and relationships.
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Informed policy-making
Research findings inform policy decisions, leading to more effective and evidence-based policies that address social problems.
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Social change and reform
Sociological research can contribute to social change by highlighting inequalities, injustices, and areas for improvement, leading to reforms and positive change.
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Empowerment and advocacy
Research can empower marginalized groups, giving them a voice and promoting their rights and interests.
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Improved social services
Research informs the development of social services, programs, and interventions, leading to more effective support for individuals and communities.
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Enhanced critical thinking and problem-solving
Sociological research methods promote critical thinking, analytical skills, and problem-solving abilities.
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Interdisciplinary collaboration
Sociological research often involves collaboration with other disciplines, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of social issues.
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Increased transparency and accountability
Research can promote transparency and accountability in institutions, organizations, and governments.
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Development of new theories and concepts
Sociological research leads to the development of new theories, concepts, and frameworks that advance our understanding of social phenomena.
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Improved data quality and management
Sociological research methods promote the development of high-quality data and effective data management practices.
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Methodological limitations
Research methods can be limited by biases, sampling errors, and measurement issues, which can affect the validity and reliability of findings.
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Ethical concerns
Sociological research can raise ethical concerns, such as privacy violations, informed consent issues, and potential harm to participants.
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Objectivity
Unbiased and impartial approach in research
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Quantitative methods
Research techniques focused on numerical data
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Generalizability
Extent to which research findings apply to other populations or contexts
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Research fatigue
Participants feeling tired or bored during data collection
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Privacy invasion
Collecting personal data without consent
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Power dynamics
Imbalance of power between researchers and participants
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Misuse of findings
Incorrect interpretation or application of research results
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Resource intensive
Requiring significant funding, time, and personnel
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Publication bias
Tendency to publish only significant or positive results
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Diversity in research teams
Including varied perspectives in research groups
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Research methods purpose
Aims and goals of conducting research
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Description
Systematic and objective depiction of social phenomena
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Explanation
Identifying causes and mechanisms behind social issues
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Prediction
Forecasting future social trends based on past patterns
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Understanding
Gaining deeper insight into social problems and solutions
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Evaluation
Assessing effectiveness of social policies and programs
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Theory development
Creating and testing theories explaining social phenomena
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Social change
Contributing to addressing inequality and social problems
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Policy development
Informing decision-making through research findings
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Program development
Creating and assessing social interventions
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Knowledge advancement
Contributing to the growth of sociological knowledge