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protestant
a new branch of Christianity where the monarch of the country is the leader of the church
Problems that Elizabeth I faced
religion- protestant vs catholic, poor reputation of royals from Mary I, illegitimacy, female monarch- patriarchal society, wars with France- debt- cost people money in taxes
Who was Henry VIII
the second Tudor monarch who broke away form the catholic church and turns England into a protestant nation
Who was Henry VIII's first wife?
Catherine of Aragon- a Spanish princess who was catholic, married to him for nearly 24 years, but could not produce a male heir.
Who was Henry VIII's second wife?
Anne Boleyn- married to Henry illegitimately, had Elizabeth I with Henry, but ultimately failed to produce male heir, therefore was beheaded.
Who was Henry VIII's third wife?
Jane Seymour- produced a male heir- Edward VI, died after birth of Edward VI
Who was Edward VI?
Only male heir of Henry VIII, King of England, strict protestant who destroyed all catholic churches.
What happened during the reign of Edward VIII?
became monarch at 9, poverty grew with extreme under his inflation rule, died at 15 with tuberculosis
What was Edward VIII known as?
the 'boy king'- due to becoming king at 9 and dying at 15
Who were the remaining wives of Henry VIII
Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr- raised Elizabeth as a protestant
Who was Philip II of Spain?
previous husband to Mary I (bloody Mary), Catholic Spanish King, hugely unpopular in England- catholicism and costly foreign wars
What happened between Elizabeth and Philip II?
Elizabeth rejected Philip's marriage request, due to different religions, poor treatment of Mary I, poor reputation in England, and previous marriage to her sister Mary I
Why did Philip II request to marry Elizabeth
wanted to return England to catholicism, wanted to retain 'King of England'
Who was Mary I?
first daughter of Henry VIII only child of Catherine of Aragon, roman catholic- due to brought up by catholic Spanish mother Catherine of Aragon.
What did Mary I do to protestants?
burned 282 protestants on the stake- known as 'bloody Mary' due to persecution of protestants
Why was Mary I considered illegitimate?
Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's marriage was annulled
Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?
Elizabeth I's first cousin, raised as a catholic in France, has claim to English throne due to being descendant of Henry VII, many catholics saw here as the righteous queen.
Heretics
people who challenge official religions of a country
How old was Elizabeth when she became Queen?
25
Why was Elizabeth viewed as an illegitimate queen?
the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII was illegitimate due to the catholic belief of 'till death do us apart'
How was Elizabeth I an academic?
could speak 5 languages (English, French, Greek, Italian and latin), highly educated , intellectual, skilful musician, enjoyed horse-riding, liked to read and learn
Why was Elizabeth I rejected by Henry VIII?
Henry VIII wanted a King (male heir), but their relationship improves in her teenage years.
Who was Elizabeth I brought up by?
Henry VIII's sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr- influenced protestant views on her. Her mother, Anne Boleyn was beheaded when she was 3.
When was Elizabeth restored as heir?
1544
When was Elizabeth coronated?
January 1559
What was the privy council?
19 of the queen''s closest advisors which met 2-3 times per week, the queen didn't attend their meetings. They were all nobles
When was Mary I on the throne?
1553-1558
What was the royal court?
roughly 500 nobles, servants, ladies in waiting, who revolved around the queen. They were all trying to move closer to the queen, as the closer they got the more power, money and influence they would have.
Who was represented at the royal court?
all sections of society
What represented the social classes of the people?
their clothes
What was a ruff?
an elaborate collar made of linen- worn by both men and women in the royal court, the larger the collar the more power and status
What did Elizabeth do to increase her popularity and relieve debt from Mary?
sell 7 mansions
What were royal progresses?
tours of the country to visit nobles with all of the royal court
When were royal progresses usually done?
in the summer to avoid disease and to have better weather due to horse carriages used
Why did Elizabeth go on royal progresses?
to build her popularity
What does constancy mean?
dependability and reliability- characteristics of Elizabeth
How much did Elizabeth's stays at nobles in royal progresses cost?
average of £642 + £120 gift
What was 'divide and rule'?
Elizabeth encouraging the rivalry and competition within the privy council
Why did Elizabeth use 'divide and rule'?
to maintain her power, as the conflicts mean they won''t work together to overthrow her.
What is a famous example of 'divide and rule'?
William Cecil and Robert Dudley- protestant vs puritan, fight for Elizabeth's attention
What is the conflict in 'divide and rule' called?
factions- divisions within the privy council that both helped Elizabeth stay in power, but could've lead to instability
Where did royal progresses most frequently visit?
the south east, midlands, east anglia, as well as some catholic majority areas- to increase her popularity within catholic population.
What was patronage?
rewards that Elizabeth gave to her most hardworking and loyal courtiers and ministers in the privy council.
What did patronage reward?
property, land or political positions in the royal court or privy council
What were the advantages of patronage?
encouraged courtiers and ministers to work harder, encouraged competition, increased her popularity, as the rewarded felt grateful
What were the disadvantages of patronage?
property and land has a high cost; already doesn't have money due to inherited debt from Mary I, hidden agendas of rewarded
what was Elizabeth looking for in a marraige?
wealthy, could have an heir to throne (legitimacy), protestant
What were arguments in favour of a marriage for Elizabeth?
opportunity to have an heir, could form powerful foreign alliance
What were arguments against a marriage for Elizabeth?
doesn't want to be dominated over her (patriarchy), Henry VIII marriage effects,
What were the positives of marrying King Philip II of Spain?
Spain was a powerful country, could've formed a powerful ally against France, wealthy
What were the negatives of marrying King Philip II of Spain?
poor reputation in England (war, Mary), catholic, treated Mary I poorly, previously had unhappy marriage to Mary I, rebellion caused in previous marriage
What were the positives to marrying Robert Dudley?
genuine love, favourite of the queen, puritan
What were the negatives to marrying Robert Dudley?
already married to Amy Dudley, scandal of death of Amy ruined any chance of marriage- suspicious
What were the positives to marrying Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alencon?
French prince- builds relationship with France, genuine love
What were the negatives to marrying Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alencon?
twenty years younger than Elizabeth, catholic, physically deformed, massacre of protestants in France- unpopular in England
who were the puritans?
extreme protestants, rejection of catholic elements in Christianity
What were similarities that Elizabethan and modern parliament shared?
made up of House of Lords and House of Commons, both houses have to agree to pass a law, 3 readings of a law, bills had to go through parliament
What were differences that Elizabethan and modern parliament shared?
monarch called to pass laws, Queen controlled parliament, no formal political parties, only the rich and landowners could vote, Elizabeth had a royal veto, parliament only met 13 sessions in her reign, Parliament mostly met for money for the monarch (increasing taxes), sessions were on average 3 weeks
What are facts about Elizabeth's parliament?
29 years without meeting, only 10% of MPs spoke in debates, only 47% of MPs voted, 434 acts passed, met 13 times during her reign
What was Elizabeth and parliament's conflicts on her marriage?
Elizabeth told parliament no to speak of her marriage without her say, MP Wentworth pressured the queen to marry to produce an heir
What was Elizabeth and parliament's conflicts on religion?
Puritan MP Strickland proposed a new prayer book but Elizabeth excluded him and sent him to the tower of London for a month
What was Elizabeth and parliament's conflicts on parliamentary privilege?
Elizabeth didn't want personal issues discussed, MP Wentworth send to tower for 4 weeks for 'treason'
What was Elizabeth and parliament's conflicts on subsidies and monopolies?
House of commons fought against giving Elizabeth money, monopolies abused and hated- Elizabeth cancelled 12 monopolies overnight after disagreement in parliament
What was Elizabeth and parliament's agreements on marriage?
she was given subsidies multiple times
What was Elizabeth and parliament's agreements on religion?
parliaments first acts was to name the queen as 'supreme governor of the church of England', religious changes passed with help from parliament.
What was Elizabeth and parliament's agreements on parliamentary privelege?
Elizabeth appointed a speaker to control what was discussed
What was Elizabeth and parliament's agreements on subsidies and monopolies?
she was never denied money from her parliament and given many subsidies until the Spanish war, where she was given even more
What was a monopoly?
sole right to sell a product
Who was William Cecil?
privy councillor, born 1520, moderate protestant, secretary of state, Lord treasurer, Elizabeth viewed him as trustworthy and loyal, she admired that he spoke hi mind when he disagreed
Who was Robert Dudley?
Privy councillor, born 1533, puritan, Master of the horse, rumours of romance between Dudley and Elizabeth, childhood friends with Elizabeth and favourite of her
Who was Christopher Hatton?
Privy councillor, born 1540, moderate protestant, gentleman of the privy chamber, captain of the Queen's bodyguards, elected as MP several times, lord chancellor, loyal and kind to Elizabeth, helped her control MPs and organise progresses
Who was Francis Walsingham?
privy councillor, born 1532, fervent puritan, MP, ambassador in Paris, secretary of state, in charge of Elizabeth's secret service, fiercely loyal to Elizabeth
When was Queen Elizabeth I ascended to the throne?
1558
When was the Northern Earls rebellion?
1569
When did Robert Dudley die?
1588
When did Francis Walsingham die?
1590
When did Christopher Hatton die?
1591
When did William Cecil die?
1598
When was the Essex rebellion?
1601
Who were the 'old guard'?
older privy councillors trusted by Elizabeth, Eg. Cecil, Dudley, Hatton, Walsingham
Who was Robert Cecil?
Son of William Cecil
Who had a faction with Robert Cecil?
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex- stepson of Robert Dudley, had faction with Cecil in the 1590s
Who was Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex?
The stepson of Robert Dudley, the privy councillor. Devereux was put on house arrest for a poor military effort in Northern Ireland
What happened in the buildup to the Essex rebellion?
Essex and Elizabeth fell out when Elizabeth refused to promote one of his supporters, causing her to punch Essex in the face and him drawing his sword on her before storming out of the royal court. Essex was given a chance of redemption to put down Irish rebels in Ireland, but signed a peace deal instead.
How did Essex disrespect the Queen before the Essex rebellion?
he burst into the Queen's bedchamber without permission
What happened during the Essex rebellion?
He and 300 of his supporters marched into London in an effort to capture the queen.
What happened to Essex after the rebellion?
He was executed on the 25th of February 1601 in the tower of London, after finding his home surrounded after the rebellion.
Why was Devereux (Essex) both a threat and an ally to Elizabeth?
he had a faction with R.Cecil due to Elizabeth promoting him twice, allowing Elizabeth to maintain control over her privy council due to disagreements. But he also held the ability to gather support to overthrow her, proving his position as a threat
How far away was Elizabeth from the rebellion?
2 miles
What was Devereux sentenced to in court?
high treason and a traitor's execution
What was Essex given by Elizabeth as patronage?
a monopoly on sweet wine which Elizabeth refused to renew, making him bankrupt
What were features of Elizabethan homes?
statements of social class, had many rooms, many windows, glass for wealthy- as it was expensive commodity
What was as the average amount of windows in an Elizabethan home?
120 windows
What are facts on Montacute house?
built around 1600, Built for Sir Edward Phelps, had a gallery 170 yards long
What was the 'golden age'?
an exploration during Elizabethan times- theatre, arts, music, architecture and fashion
What was the Elizabethan social heirarchy?
The queen, nobles and lords (£6000 per year), gentry- landowners (£200 per year), cottagers, landless unskilled workers
Where did cottagers live?
lived in small cottages, owned small gardens to farms
Who were vagabonds/vagrants?
homeless people outside the social construct, wandered the streets, committed petty crimes.
What were aspects to the 'golden age'?
Architecture, rise of gentry (eg. Bess of Hardwick), fashion
What were aspects of architecture in the 'golden age'?
'great rebuilding', houses in 'E' shape, extensive use of glass- let in light, separate living spaces for maids, typical noble's house would've had 120 windows
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