detoxification system

the liver has more than 200 functions.

true

main functions of the liver (6)

1. storage of nutrients
2. breakdown of erythrocytes
3. bile secretion
4. synthesis of plasma proteins
5. synthesis of cholesterol
6. detoxification of blood

liver detoxification

1. toxins (fat-soluble) enter
2. phase 1
3. phase 2
4. waste (water-soluble) created
5. waste removed from body
6. if through gall bladder (biles), bowels come out
7. if through kidney, urine comes out

toxin types processed by the liver

1. metabolic end-products
2. microorganisms
3. pesticides and insecticides
4. pollutants and contaminants
5. food additives
6. drugs and alcohol

nutrients needed for phase 1 of liver detoxification process

1. b vitamins
2. glutathlone and NAC
3. vitamins a, c, d3, e
4. citrus bioflavonoids and quercetin
5. milk thistle

nutrients needed for phase 2 of liver detoxification process

1. glutamine, glycine, taurine, cysteine, lysine, carnitine
2. garlic, eggs, cabbage, broccoli, kale, cauliflower
3. MSM
4. NAC

daily life overloads the liver, leading to poor health and disease.

true

factors that affect liver health

1. alcohol intake
2. excessive workload
3. smoking
4. prescriptions & OTC meds
5. infection/illness (acute/chronic)
6. stress (psychological/emotional)
7. processed foods (sugar & white flour products)
8. environmental toxins (heavy metals, pesticides)
9. NZ soils deficient in key detox minerals
10. allergies/food intolerances
11. poor nutrition/eating habits
12. coffee & energy drinks

the liver removes all toxins that enter our body.

true

ethanol is converted into ___ in the liver.

acetate

___ is the process of converting ethanol into acetate in the liver.

hepatic ethanol metabolism

process of hepatic ethanol metabolism (ethanol -> ___ -> acetate)

acetaldehyde

the liver can remove all toxins that are made in the process of ethanol detoxification.

true

ammonia is a toxic substance to us and animals, especially for the brain.

truet

normal concentration of ammonia within our blood is 25-40 μmol/L (0.4-0.7 mg/L).

true

ammonia must not be removed from the organism.

false; must

___ synthesize urea.

terrestrial vertebrates

urea formation takes place in the ___ and ___ of ___ cells of the liver.

mitochondria; cytosol; hepatocyte

the urea cycle removes ___.

ammonia

liver lobules are a rough ___ arrangement of ___ plates.

hexagonal; hepatocyte

___ are resident liver macrophages.

kupffer cells

kupffer cells protect the liver from ___.

bacterial infections

blood and bile flow in the same direction in the liver.

false; opposite directions

blood flow (in regards to the liver)

1. deoxygenated blood from stomach/small intestine
2. hepatic portal vein
3. venules
4. sinusoids
5. central vein
6. hepatic vein
7. vena cava

bile flow (in regards to the liver)

1. bile produced in hepatocytes
2. secreted into canalicul
3. bile ductules
4. common duct
5. gall bladder
6. bile duct
7. small intestine

liver tissues regenerate after donor transplantation.

true

within the 3rd week after having liver donor surgery, the donor's liver starts to grow back to its normal size.

false; within 1st week

standard liver volume returns within about 4 months after donation.

false; 2 months

kidneys are the superstar of balance.

true

your blood volume is ~7 L.

false; ~6 L

composition of blood plasma

1. urea (4.8 g)
2. uric acid (0.15 g)
3. creatinine (0.03 g)
4. potassium (0.5 g)
5. chloride (10.7 g)
6. sodium (9.7 g)
7. protein (200 g)
8. HCO3- (4.6 g)
9. glucose (3 g)

composition of urine

1. urea (25 g)
2. uric acid (0.8 g)
3. creatinine (1.6 g)
4. potassium (2.0 g)
5. chloride (6.3 g)
6. sodium (4.6 g)
7. protein (0.1 g)
8. ammonia (0.05%)
9. sulphate (0.18%)
10. phosphate (0.12%)
11. magnesium (0.01%)
12. calcium (0.015%)
13. water (95%)

the viscosity of whole blood is greater than the viscosities of plasma and water.

true

blood is separated into ___ cells and ___ cells.

red blood; white blood

there is no fouling in our kidneys.

true

process of filtration of blood in the kidneys

1. blood enters kidneys from body
2. waste and other substances get "pushed" out by pressure in the glomerulus
3. "filtered" blood returns to the body

tubular reabsorption process for different materials

hint: numbers
(total amount in plasma, amount in 180 L of filtrate per day -> amount returned to/reabsorbed in blood -> amount in urine per day)

1. water, passive (3 L, 180 L -> 178-179 L -> 1 - 2 L)
2. protein, active (200 g, 2 g -> 1.9 g -> 0.1 g)
3. glucose, active (3 g, 162 g -> 162 g -> 0 g)
4. urea, passive (1 g, 54 g -> 24 g/about half -> 30 g/about half)
5. creatinine (0.03 g, 1.6 g -> 0 g -> 1.6 g)

a water purification system uses ___.

hint: process

reverse osmosis

the urinary system is comprised of the ___, ___, ___, and ___.

kidneys; ureter; urinary bladder; urethra

the kidneys are partially protected by the ___ and ___ ribs.

11th; 12th

the ___ surrounds the kidneys.

renal capsule

___ helps protects the kidneys from trauma and damage.

renal fascia

the renal capsule is covered by a layer of perirenal fat called the ___.

adipose capsule

kidneys make up _% of body mass but receive about __% of cardiac output

1;25

what process removes metabolic wastes from the body, esp. those containing nitrogen (one of the two major function in kidneys)

filtration of blood (detoxification)

what is the second major function of the kidney?

regulation (blood volume and composition, electrolytes, blood pH, blood pressure)

Podocyte cells make precise filtration slits of what thickness?

~40nm

basement membrane has the pore size of ___-___ nm

T/F: we have about 1 thousand glomeruli in each kidney

false; 1 million

how much volume of plasma is filtered/unit time (glomerular filtration rate)

180 L/day

T/F: urine output is about 1-2 L/day

true

T/F: about 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed

true

T/F: The kidneys reabsorb useful components but excretes toxic elements

true

amazing control of GFR (glomerular filtration rate) to keep the balance of ______

blood

which major renal syndrome?
glomerular disease, hematuria, mild -> moderate proteinunria azotemia, edema, increase blood pressure

nephritic syndrome

which major renal syndrome?
heavy proteinuria (>3.5g/day), hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

nephrotic syndrome

which major renal syndrome?
oliguria/anuria, recent onset of azotemia, can result from GN, tubular or interstitial disease

acute renal failure

which major renal syndrome?
renal stones, renal colic, hematuria, recurrent stone formation

nephroliathiasis

purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally

hemodialysis

what is the capacity and maximum of the urinary bladder?

capacity: 600 ml
maximum: 800 ml

what protects the urine outflow?

internal and external urethral spincters

__________ is the periodic evacuation of urinary bladder through urethra

micturition

micturition is fundamentally a ___-_____-______ reflect facilitated and inhibited by higher brain centers and, like, defecation, subject to voluntary facilitation and inhibition

spino-bulbo-spinal