Comprehensive Pediatric & Adult Nursing Review

Vocabulary flashcards summarizing key terms, disorders, medications, and nursing concepts spanning pediatric development, systems review, and pharmacology to aid exam preparation.

Fine Motor Skills (School Age)

Refined abilities such as improved handwriting, tying shoelaces, and manipulating small objects with precision.

Gross Motor Skills (School Age)

Enhanced coordination, balance, and stamina that support activities like skipping, jump-rope, and organized sports.

Bullying—Physical

Hitting, pushing, or damaging belongings to harm or intimidate another child.

Bullying—Verbal

Name-calling, insults, or threats aimed at humiliating or intimidating a peer.

Bullying—Social

Exclusion or rumor-spreading designed to damage a child’s social standing.

Cyber-Bullying

Use of technology (texts, social media, gaming) to harass, threaten, or embarrass peers.

Trusted Adult

Teacher, counselor, or parent identified for immediate reporting of bullying incidents.

Negative Body Image

Subjective dissatisfaction with one’s body influenced by media, peers, and culture.

Positive Self-Talk

Affirmations used to build self-esteem and combat negative thoughts about body image.

Balanced Diet (School Age)

Daily intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy to support growth.

Portion Control

Using visual cues or smaller plates to match serving size with hunger and fullness cues.

Healthy Snack Example

Apple slices with peanut butter—nutritious option that balances fiber and protein.

Substance Use Prevention

Age-appropriate education on drugs plus refusal skills to resist peer pressure.

Refusal Technique

Assertive strategies such as saying “No, thanks” and suggesting an alternative activity.

Encopresis

Chronic stool soiling in children, managed with bowel retraining, diet changes, and positive reinforcement.

Regular Toileting Routine

Scheduled bathroom sits 10–15 minutes after meals to establish bowel habits.

Inguinal Hernia (Peds)

Protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal; often repaired surgically.

Intussusception

Telescoping of intestine causing pain and currant-jelly stools; often reduced by air enema.

Cleft Lip/Palate

Congenital facial defect corrected surgically; requires speech therapy and feeding support.

Appendicitis (Child)

Inflamed appendix causing RLQ pain and risk of perforation within 48 hours.

Celiac Disease

Autoimmune disorder requiring lifelong gluten-free diet and growth monitoring.

Body Dissatisfaction

Negative evaluation of one’s body shape or weight—key eating-disorder risk factor.

Anorexia Nervosa

Restrictive eating, intense fear of weight gain, managed with psychological support and refeeding.

Pyloric Stenosis

Hypertrophy of pylorus in infants causing projectile vomiting; treated with pyloromyotomy.

Monthly Testicular Self-Exam

Adolescent practice of palpating testicles to detect lumps for early cancer detection.

Cystitis

Lower UTI presenting with dysuria and urgency; prevented by proper perineal hygiene.

Suprapubic Aspiration

Sterile needle collection of infant urine through abdominal wall into bladder.

Foreskin Care—Infant

Do not forcibly retract; cleanse only visible penile areas with mild soap and water.

Chronic Kidney Disease Diet

Low protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus with calorie adequacy to slow progression.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Kidney disorder causing edema and proteinuria; managed with sodium restriction and steroids.

Clubfoot (Ponseti Method)

Serial casting and possible heel-cord tenotomy soon after birth to correct foot deformity.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Chronic joint inflammation in children treated with NSAIDs, methotrexate, and physical therapy.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Malignant soft-tissue tumor treated with chemo, radiation, and surgery.

Osteosarcoma

Primary bone cancer often requiring limb-sparing surgery plus chemotherapy.

Below-Knee Amputation (BKA)

Amputation preserving knee joint, allowing easier prosthetic use and gait training.

Phantom Limb Pain

Painful sensations perceived in amputated limb; managed with meds, mirror therapy, CBT.

Prosthetic Gait Training

Stepwise rehab teaching weight-shifting, balance, and ambulation with a new artificial limb.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

X-linked progressive muscle weakness requiring PT and eventual respiratory support.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Autoimmune disease managed with NSAIDs, steroids, antimalarials, and strict med adherence.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Brittle-bone disorder necessitating fracture prevention and mobility aids.

Burn Wound Care

Clean, apply antimicrobial ointment, and cover with sterile dressing—changed twice daily.

Poison Ivy Rash

Allergic dermatitis relieved by calamine or hydrocortisone and prevented by plant avoidance.

Psoriasis

Chronic autoimmune skin plaques managed with moisturizers, topical steroids, and trigger control.

Cellulitis

Bacterial skin infection requiring antibiotics and limb elevation to reduce swelling.

Insect-Bite Prevention

Use DEET repellent, wear long sleeves, and avoid peak biting times to decrease exposure.

Diaper Dermatitis

Irritant rash prevented by frequent diaper changes and zinc-oxide barrier creams.

Atopic Dermatitis

Eczema treated with regular moisturizing, trigger avoidance, and topical corticosteroids.

Thermal Injury First Aid

Cool burn with water 10–20 min, cover with dry dressing, seek care for severe burns.

Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention

Repellent, long clothing, eliminating standing water, and bed nets in endemic areas.

Acne—Topical Retinoid

Tretinoin used nightly to normalize follicular keratinization and reduce comedones.

Seizure Precautions

Padded rails, low bed, oxygen/suction ready, side-lying position, and timed observation.

Ischemic Stroke

Brain infarct from arterial blockage; treated with tPA within 3–4.5 hours.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Intracranial bleeding managed by BP control, aneurysm repair, and ICP monitoring.

Migraine—Abortive Therapy

Triptans or NSAIDs taken at onset to stop migraine progression.

Parkinson’s Disease (TRAP)

Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia/bradykinesia, Postural instability due to dopamine loss.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Glove-and-stocking numbness/tingling often treated with gabapentin and safety teaching.

Transient Ischemic Attack

Temporary neurologic deficit resolving <24 h; warning sign for future stroke.

GERD Lifestyle Modifications

Weight loss, head-of-bed elevation, small meals, and trigger avoidance.

Ulcerative Colitis

IBD of colon causing bloody diarrhea; treated with mesalamine, steroids, or colectomy.

Colon Cancer Screening—FIT

Annual fecal immunochemical test beginning at age 45 for average-risk adults.

Peptic Ulcer—H. pylori Triple Therapy

PPI + clarithromycin + amoxicillin for 14 days to eradicate infection.

Celiac Disease Diet

Strict avoidance of wheat, barley, and rye; focus on gluten-free grains.

NG Tube—Salem Sump

Double-lumen tube allowing gastric suction with air vent to prevent mucosal adherence.

Hiatal Hernia—Nissen Fundoplication

Surgical wrapping of stomach around esophagus to prevent reflux in severe cases.

Stoma Assessment

Healthy colostomy should appear pink/red, moist, and protrude slightly from skin.

Oral Cancer Risk Factor

Tobacco and alcohol use significantly increase likelihood of malignant oral lesions.

RUQ Abdominal Contents

Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, and head of pancreas located in right upper quadrant.

Hemodialysis

Thrice-weekly extracorporeal blood filtration using AV fistula or graft for access.

Peritoneal Dialysis

Home-based dialysis using peritoneum as semipermeable membrane for waste exchange.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Genetic renal cyst formation causing flank pain, HTN, and progressive failure.

Acute Pancreatitis

Sudden inflammation causing severe epigastric pain relieved by leaning forward; managed NPO and IV fluids.

Nephrotoxic Medication—Gentamicin

Aminoglycoside antibiotic requiring renal monitoring due to potential kidney damage.

Hepatitis B Transmission

Spread through blood and body fluids; preventable with vaccination.

BUN Normal Range

7–20 mg/dL—elevated levels may indicate impaired renal function or dehydration.

UTI Classic Triad

Dysuria, frequency, and urgency indicative of lower urinary tract infection.

Calcium Oxalate Stone

Most common kidney stone type; prevented with hydration and limiting oxalate foods.

Normal Sinus Rhythm

Regular 60–100 bpm rhythm with P wave before each QRS complex.

Atrial Fibrillation

Irregularly irregular rhythm without P waves, requiring anticoagulation to prevent clots.

Ventricular Tachycardia (Pulseless)

Life-threatening rhythm treated with immediate CPR and defibrillation.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Pulmonary congestion symptoms like dyspnea and crackles due to poor LV output.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Systemic venous congestion causing peripheral edema and jugular venous distension.

Systolic Murmur—Aortic Stenosis

Harsh crescendo-decrescendo sound heard during systole at right second intercostal space.

Troponin

Cardiac biomarker rising 3–6 h after MI, peaks at 24 h, indicates myocardial damage.

MONA-B

MI treatment mnemonic: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin, Beta-blocker.

Hyperlipidemia

Elevated LDL/triglycerides managed with statins, diet, and exercise.

Pericarditis—Friction Rub

Scratchy heart sound heard with inflamed pericardium; pain relieved by leaning forward.

Peripheral Artery Disease

Atherosclerotic leg ischemia causing intermittent claudication and weak pulses.

Cardiac Cath Post-Care

Monitor site for bleeding, check distal pulses, keep femoral leg straight.

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune β-cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance with relative deficiency; managed with lifestyle and oral meds.

Target A1C

Hypothyroidism (High TSH)

Underactive thyroid treated with daily levothyroxine on empty stomach.

Hyperthyroidism (Low TSH)

Overactive thyroid managed with methimazole, β-blockers, radioactive iodine, or surgery.

Addison’s Disease

Adrenal insufficiency marked by bronze skin and hypotension; treated with steroids.

Cushing’s Syndrome

Excess cortisol causing moon face, truncal obesity, and hyperglycemia.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Clot in deep vein treated with heparin bridging to warfarin; risk factors include immobility.

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Microcytic anemia corrected with iron supplements taken with vitamin C.

Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

Fever, back pain, hypotension requiring immediate transfusion stop and NS infusion.

Radiation Therapy Side Effect—Mucositis

Painful inflammation of mouth/GI mucosa necessitating oral care and soft diet.

Tamoxifen

Estrogen receptor modulator for ER+ breast cancer; increases DVT and endometrial cancer risk.