BIO1150 Life Science Lab Final Exam Review

Metric Scale

Use units like millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), and meter (m). Always start measuring at the ruler's 0 mark.

Mean Calculation

Add all measurements and divide by the measured items.

Testing pH

Use pH paper or a digital meter.

pH < 7

Acid

pH = 7

Neutral

pH > 7

Base

pH Scale

Ranges from 0-14.

H⁺ ion concentration

Measures concentration of H⁺ ions.

pH number change

Each number change = 10× difference in acidity/basicity.

Carbohydrates

Short-term energy (e.g., glucose)

Lipids

Long-term energy, membranes

Proteins

Enzymes, transport, structure

Nucleic Acids

Store and transmit genetic info

Total Magnification

Ocular lens (usually 10×) × Objective lens (e.g. 40× = 400× total)

Field of View

Decreases as magnification increases.

Mitosis Phases

1. Prophase - Chromosomes condense, spindle forms;

2. Metaphase - Chromosomes align in center;

3. Anaphase - Chromatids are pulled apart;

4. Telophase - Nucleus reforms, and cytokinesis begins.

Tonicity

Isotonic: Equal solute; water moves equally; Hypotonic: Less solute outside; water enters cell (may burst); Hypertonic: More solute outside; water leaves cell (shrivels).

Osmosis

Water moves across the membrane to equalize concentration.

Simple Diffusion

Small molecules move from high to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses protein channels (no energy).

Active Transport

Requires energy (ATP); moves molecules against gradient.

Photosynthesis Equation

CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Photosynthesis Inputs

Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight.

Photosynthesis Outputs

Glucose and oxygen.

Punnett Squares

Show possible genetic combinations.

Genotype

Genes (e.g. Aa)

Phenotype

Physical traits (e.g., brown eyes).

DNA Structure

Double helix made of nucleotides (A-T, C-G).

DNA Function

Stores genetic information.

DNA Profiling

Compares samples using STRs or gel electrophoresis.

Negative Selection Pressure

An environmental change that reduces survival/reproduction of some traits.

Human/Population Impacts

Pollution, deforestation, overfishing, climate change.