Brain and Behavior Midterm 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
call kaiCall Kai
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
GameKnowt Play
Card Sorting

1/61

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Last updated 9:27 AM on 2/2/26
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced
Call with Kai

No analytics yet

Send a link to your students to track their progress

62 Terms

1
New cards

Neuron doctrine

The principle that individual atoms are the units and signaling elements of the nervous system (proved by discovery of the synapse)

2
New cards

Localism

specific locations in the brain are responsible for individual functions

3
New cards

Holism

areas of the brain work together to process multiple types of information

4
New cards

Dendrites/post-synaptic neuron

input zone where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells

5
New cards

Soma

cell body - integration zone where the decision to produce a neural signal is made

6
New cards

Axon

conduction zone where information can be transmitted over great distances

7
New cards

Axon terminals/presynaptic neuron

output zone where the neuron transfers information to other cells

8
New cards

Motor neurons

contract muscles - have long axons that leave the spinal cord and synapse onto muscles to cause movement

9
New cards

Interneurons

communicate with other neurons located in the same or nearby CNS region - short axons because of local connections

10
New cards

Synapse/synaptic cleft

junction between 2 neurons where information is exchanged

11
New cards

Spines

specialized locations for synapses; locations for neuronal transmission

12
New cards

Myelin sheath

membrane that wraps axon like “insulation” - keeps electricity from escaping, is correlated with speed of signals and action potential propagation

13
New cards

Nodes of Ranvier

“breaks” in between segments of myelin with concentrated channels

14
New cards

Glial cells

non-neural cells that act as the support system for neurons (are more numerous than neurons in the brain)

15
New cards

Astrocyte

type of glial cell important for keeping extracellular space at homeostasis so neural signaling can occur and supporting blood brain barrier

16
New cards

Oligodendrocytes

type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS by myelinating several parts of several CNS axons

17
New cards

Schwann cells

type of glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS by myelinating one part of a single PNS axon

18
New cards

Microglia

“scavenger cells” that remove debris from sites of injury in the CNS (cell rupture)

19
New cards

Central nervous system (CNS)

made up of the brain & spinal cord and is protected inside bone

20
New cards

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

made up of cranial and spinal nerves; exists entirely outside of bony skull and vertebral column

21
New cards

Afferent division

where sensory information arrives before it is sent to the CNS for processing

22
New cards

Sensory stimuli

stimuli that comes from the environment (ex. touch)

23
New cards

Visceral stimuli

sensory inputs from internal organs; “gut” reactions (ex. stomach ache, thirst, bloating)

24
New cards

Efferent division

sends signal from CNS toward muscles and glands to initiate actions

25
New cards

Somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movement and sends sensory info to our skin, muscles, and joints

26
New cards

Autonomic nervous system

regulates involuntary physiological processes without conscious effort (ex. heart rate, respiration, digestion, arousal)

27
New cards

Sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight; preparing the body to react to danger (ex. heartbeat increasing, dilate pupils)

28
New cards

Parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest; helping the body maintain homeostasis (ex. aids digestion, reducing blood pressure)

29
New cards

Gray matter

soma and dendrites

30
New cards

White matter

myelinated axons

31
New cards

Ventral roots

where motor nerves leave the spinal cord

32
New cards

Dorsal roots

where sensory nerves enter the spinal cord

33
New cards

Meninges

protective layer of tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

34
New cards

Dual innervation

most organs associated with the autonomic nervous system receive inputs from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS

35
New cards

Cerebral cortex

4 lobes of the cortex devoted to integrating information; outermost part of the brain

36
New cards

Frontal lobe

responsible for cognition, working memory, planning, inhibition, and logical reasoning (“human” behaviors)

37
New cards

Parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex (responsible for touch and pain)

38
New cards

Occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

39
New cards

Temporal lobe

is responsible for memory consolidation and is the primary auditory cortex

40
New cards

Dorsal

top

41
New cards

Ventral

bottom

42
New cards

Rostral

front

43
New cards

Caudal

back

44
New cards

Basal ganglia

a collection of nuclei that control voluntary, smooth movement (ie. prevents tremors, shakes, and jerky movements)

45
New cards

Limbic system

group of interconnected structures responsible for interpreting the world emotionally, memory formation, motivated behaviors, and reward/punishment

46
New cards

Hypothalamus

part of the limbic system that regulates motivated functions and controls release of hormones & circadian rhythm

47
New cards

Hippocampus

part of the limbic system essential for memory formation and consolidation

48
New cards

Amygdala

part of the limbic system that activates the sympathetic nervous system by coordinating emotions (fear)

49
New cards

Cingulate cortex

connects the structures of the limbic system and provides input

50
New cards

Midbrain

controls important sensory and motor reflexes, pain information, and non-spinal reflexes

51
New cards

Medulla

part of the midbrain that coordinates basic life functions (ex. cells that allow us to breathe and cardiovascular centers are found here)

52
New cards

Pons

relay station between cortex & cerebellum

53
New cards

Cerebellum

maintains balance and coordinates skeletal motor activities & learned motor skills (ex. walking, riding a bike)

54
New cards

Corpus callosum

long-range neurons that connect the two halves of the brain

55
New cards

Ventricles

areas in the brain with no cells

56
New cards

Cerebral spinal fluid

necessary for buoyancy and protection of the brain - prevents brain from being damaged by its own weight and acts as a shock absorber

57
New cards

Hydrocephalus

condition resulting from a block in cerebral spinal fluid drainage; the brain is compressed along the walls of the skull

58
New cards

Synaptic transmission

Electrical (presynaptic) → chemical (synapse) → electrical (postsynaptic)

59
New cards

Ion channels

proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that provide a path for ions to flow through the membrane

60
New cards

Leak channels

allow ions to leak across the membrane and are always open - set the resting membrane potential

61
New cards

Gated channels

require a trigger to open/close (ex. voltage-gated, ligand-gated)

62
New cards

Ventricular system

set of four interconnected cavities in the brain that produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid