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What is a joint?
Where 2 or more bones are related to one another at region of contact
How are joints classified?
By structure or function
What does Fibrous mean?
The bones are united by fibrous tissue
what are Fibrous Sutures
only occurs in skull.
Where and when does fusion (synostosis) occur?
occurs across suture lines from the age of about 20
what are Syndesmoses
bones united by a sheet of fibrous tissue
what are Cartilaginous bones
bones united by cartilage
Cartilaginous primary (synchondroses)
bones united by hyaline cartilage. Usually temporary joint found during bone development allows growth at epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous secondary (symphyses)
articular cartilage is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage. Acts as a shock absorber and permits a limited amount of movement e.g. Intervertebral joints with their intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis
what is a Synovial joint
most common; allows good movement between bones
5 distinguishing features of Synovial
Articular cartilage
Synovial cavity
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
LABEL IMAGE
Periosteum, Ligament, Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid), articular (hyaline) cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
What type of joint is this?
Plane
What type of joint is this?
Hinge
What type of joint is this?
Pivot
What type of joint is this?
Saddle
What type of joint is this?
Condyloid
What type of joint is this?
Ball and socket joint
Single bones of the skull
frontal
occipital
ethmoid
sphenoid
Paired bones of the skull
temporal
parietal
Single bones of the face
mandible
vomer
Paired bones of the face
maxillary
zygomatic
nasal
lacrimal
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
LABEL THE 4 MOVEMENTS
Extension, flexion, lateral flexion, rotation
What are the degrees of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral curvatures respectively in an adult
2,1,2,1
Label the image
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal respectively
7,12,5,5,4
Which set of ribs are called ‘true ribs’
1 to 7
Which set of ribs are called ‘false ribs’
8-10
Which sets of ribs are shorter/floating rib pairs
11-12
What do typical ribs (3-9) have
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Body
Costal groove
What are the 3 parts of the sternum
Manubrium
body
xiphoid process
How many fused vertebrae does the sacrum have
5
How many fused vertebrae does the coccyx have
3-4
LABEL IMAGE
Phalanges, Meta carpals, carpal bones
Which finger doesn’t have a middle phalanx
thumb
Function of pectoralis major
adducts and medially rotates humerus
function of pectoralis minor
stabilises scapula
function of serratus anterior
protracts and rotates scapula
What are the 2 posterior axioappendicular muscles
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi
function of trapezius
elevates, retracts and rotates scapula
function of Latissimus Dorsi
extends, adducts and medially rotates
what are the 6 scapulohumeral muscles
deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, subscapularis
action of deltoid on the humerus
Flexes, abducts, medial and lateral rotation
action of supraspinatus on the humerus
abduction
action of infraspinatus on the humerus
laterally rotates
action of teres minor on the humerus
laterally rotates and adducts
action of teres major on the humerus
adduction and medial rotation
action of subscapularis on humerus
medially rotates
what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
what are the anterior muscles of the arm
biceps, briachialis, coraco-brachialis
what is the posterior muscle of the arm
Tricep
action of bicep short head and long head
flexion of elbow and supination of forearm
action of brachialis
flexion of forearm
action of coraco-brachialis
flexion, adduction and medial rotation of upper limb
action of the triceps
extension of forearm from elbow
What are the 3 heads of the triceps?
long, lateral, medial
What is the common origin of the superficial flexors?
medial epicondyle
What are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm
pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
action of pronator teres
pronates forearm
action of flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist and abduct hand
action of flexor digitorum superficialis
flexes middle phalanges
action of flexor digitorum profundus
flexion of digits
action of flexor pollicis longus
flexion of thumb
action of pronator quadratus
pronates forearm
action of brachioradialis
flexes elbow
action of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
extends and abducts hand at wrist
action of extensor digitorum
extends fingers
action of extensor digiti minimi
extends little finger
action of extensor carpi ulnaris
extends and adducts hand at wrist
action of supinator
supinates forearm
action of abductor pollicis longus
abducts thumb
action of extensor pollicis longus and brevis
extends thumb
action of extensor indicis
extends index finger
What do the hypothenar muscles control
pinky finger
What do the thenar muscles control
thumb
function of lumbrical
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
What are the thenar muscles
abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, adductor pollicis
What are the hypothenar muscles
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi
action of abductor pollicis brevis
abducts thumb
function of flexor pollicis brevis
flexes thumb
function of opponens pollicis
opposition
function of adductor pollicis
adducts thumb
function of abductor digiti minimi
abducts pinky finger
function of abductor flexor digiti minimi brevis
flexes pinky finger
function of abductor opponens digiti minimi
opposition
What are the short muscles of the hand
Lumbricals, palmar interossei, dorsal interossei
How many lumbricals are there
4
How many palmar interossei are there
3
How many dorsal interossei are there
4
function of palmar interossei
adducts fingers
function of dorsal interossei
abducts fingers
Note 
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