sex race state authors

fausto sterling - duelling dualisms

2-sex model too narrow, move away from dualisms, labelling is a social decision, draws on Foucault (bio power), DST, Maria Patino, mobius strip

ferber - keeping sex in bounds

race/gender socially constructed, interracial sex ultimate threat to “pure identity”, inequality precedes difference, myth of black rapist, matrix of P&O

Judith butler - gender trouble

feminism should challenge how sex/gender categories are constructed - heterosexual matrix, gender is performative, law creates what it represents, coalition politics, reference: Foucault, de bovouir

Foucault - herculine

obsessed with bio sex idea being key to “truth” of who we are, Middle Ages to now, herculine(intersex, forced to be male, suicide), insistence of true sex can ruin happy limbo of human experience,

Bernasconi - CPR

field that must move beyond viewing race as a biological category and instead examine it as a sociohistorical tool created by power structures, phenomenology (lived experience), genealogy (what created race [ferber]), philosophers product of their racist environment, Fanon: objectified by white gaze, sees himself as “other”,

omi + winant - racial formations

Race is a sociohistorical concept (racial formation) that is constantly being created, transformed, and destroyed through "racial projects" that link social structures with cultural representations, susie Phipps, Race functions as a form of common sense at the micro-level, US moved from “racial dictatorship” to messy racial hegemony, reference: Gramsci (explain how hegemony establishes "common sense" ideologies that subjects participate in)

Cott - public vows

Marriage is a monumental public institution used by the state to "sculpt the body politic," define gender roles, and enforce racial hierarchies by determining who is a "legitimate" citizen, coverture (English common law), virtue through manners, Marriage law has historically been a tool for constructing racial difference, US used marriage to stabilize the nation - similar to: ferber, omi,

Leiber - the mormons

no Utah in republic (bc of polygamy), theocracy is the mormon gvnt, threat of Asiatic Paganism (one group comes in, door opens to others), example of Cott and Ferber theories

Carter

The lifelong, monogamous model of marriage was not a universal tradition but a "marriage fortress" actively imposed by the Canadian government to eliminate cultural diversity (especially Aboriginal customs) and enforce a specific white, patriarchal gender and racial order, DIA to control Abo marriages, gender order, references Cott (agrees with her)

Shah- stranger intimacy

gvnts tried to create social stability by pushing “normative family” (settled, hetero) to decide who was a good citizen, labelled transient workers dangerous (justify denying them rights), state valued permanence, nuclear family: married hetero, use of court cases, state used marriage laws to protect white priv, immigration problems

gaucher - harm discourse

banning polygamy doesnt actually protect women and children, frames it as “barbaric”, harm framework, Bill s-7 increase harm on women it claims to protect, white Canadians = protectors - immigrants = misoginystic, reference: Carter and Cott - argue that monogamous privilege is a tool for nation-building that "disciplines sexual behavior"