Bio: Central Nervous System

The nervous system _____ and ______ to your external and internal environment and helps your body maintain ______.

senses, responds, homeostasis

A nerve cell is called

a neuron

______ ______ carry an impulse o a muscle cell. ________ send the impulse from one neuron to the next neuron across a _____ between neurons.

Two neurons, Neurotransmitters, synapse

the electrical portion of a nerve impulse is when the ____ _____ membrane builds p negative charges along _____ to the ___ ___, to the ____, to the ___ ____.

outer neuron, dendrites, cell body, axon, end knobs

The chemical portion of a nerve impulse involves proteins called _______.

neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters released by the end knobs of one nerve cell diffuse across the space between neurons called the ______.

synapse

Neurotransmitters are received by ____ ______ in the dendrites (which are a part of the ____ ____) of the next nerve cell.

receptor molecules, cell membrane

The shape of dendrite _____ determines which ______ it can receive.

receptors, neurotransmitter

The main organs of the ____ are the _____ and ____ ______. Both are made of _______.

CNS, brain, spinal cord, interneurons

Interneurons form many _____ and connections to nearby ______.

dendrites, interneurons

The brain has three major parts:

The cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem

The _____ controls voluntary actions and conscious thought.

cerebrum

The _______ controls coordination and balance.

cerebellum

The _____ _____ controls involuntary actions such as breathing.

brain stem

The ___ ____ controls _____ are relays nerve impulses between the brain and ______.

spinal cord, reflexes, body

The main organs of the _____ ____ ____ are the sensory nerves made of ____ _____ and the motor nerves made of _____ _____.

peripheral nervous system, sensory neurons, motor neurons

____ ______ (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) are ______ which receive a _______ and connect to ______ _____.

Sense organs, receptors, stimulus, sensory neurons

____ _____ carry nerve impulses to brain and/or spinal cord.

Sensory neurons

____ ______ carry nerve impulses away from brain/and or spinal cord and connect to _____ (muscles or glands).

Motor neurons, effectors

Effectors perform a _____ (usually involving muscle movement or hormone secretion).

response

True or False: Neurons move through the body.

FALSE!!! Nerve impulses are sent along neuron pathways. Neurons do not move.

True or False: A stimulus or a response is the same thing as a nerve impulse.

FALSE!! A stimulus (light or sound) triggers a nerve impulse to be sent. The response is what happens as a result of the nerve impulse reaching a muscle (you move) or glands (you secrete hormones).

The Endocrine System uses ____ to _____ the body. Helps body to maintain ______ (stable internal environment).

hormones, body, homeostasis

A hormone is a ____ ____ (protein) secreted by endocrine _____.

chemical messenger, glands

Hormones are carried from the ____ _____ to the ___ tissue by the blood.

endocrine glands, target

Hormones are ____ than nerve impulses, but have longer lasting ______.

slower, effects

Hormone levels are controlled by _____ _____. Feedback mechanisms respond to ____ in the body, and can use ______ to return levels back to normal.

feedback mechanisms, changes, hormones

An important feedback mechanism controls the _____ level in your ______.

glucose, blood

Homeostasis is maintained using what?

Feedback mechanisms

_____ mechanisms are _____ in which the product of one reaction causes another to start/stop.

Feedback, cycles

While organisms are balanced, they are not unchanging. The term used to describe the balanced state is ___ _______.

dynamic equilibrium

Dynamic equilibrium

A balanced state created by many small, opposing changes.

_____ ______ on the surface of the cell membrane receive ______. As with all proteins, it’s the shape of the ____ _____ that determines which hormone can interact with a cell.

Receptor molecules, hormones, receptor molecule

____ ______ in the cell membrane only accept hormones of the correct shape. This is a good example of the _____ and _____ method.

Receptor molecules, lock and key

The ______ is the “master gland” located in the ____. It releases several hormones which often control other _____ ____ in the body.

pituitary, brain, endocrine glands

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

TSH, FSH. LH, GH, and ADH

TSH

Controls the thyroid glands

FSH

Controls ovaries

LH

Controls testes

GH

Growth hormone that stimulates growth and metabolism

ADH

Helps kidneys control water balance

What are the sex hormones?

Testosterone (male), estrogen and progesterone (female)

What are made in the ovaries (females) and testes (males)

Testosterone (testes), estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)

The ______ makes _____ and _____ which control the level of sugar in the blood.

pancreas, insulin, glycogen

When blood sugar level is too high, more insulin is released which causes cells to take in ______. When blood sugar is too low, more _____ is released which causes the liver to release stored glucose (_____) into the blood.

glucose, insulin, glycogen

The _____ glands responds to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that is related by the ____ _____. TSH causes the thyroid to release _____ which controls the body’s ________.

thyroid, pituitary gland, thyroxine, metabolism

The _____ glands produce _____ (epinephrine) which increased ____ ____ and heart rate. This readies the body for urgent action by increasing ____ _____ which carried the oxygen and glucose needed for cellular respiration to the body cells.

adrenal, adrenaline, breathing rate, blood flow

The _____ _____ removes ____ _____. Metabolic wastes are produced during ____ _____ by the cells of the body.

excretory system, metabolic wastes, chemical reactions

The waste of your cells include

Carbon dioxide, water, urea, and salts

_____ excrete ____ _____ and ____ ____ (wastes made during cellular respiration).

Lungs, carbon dioxide, water vapor

The _____ excretes water and salts as _____ (sweat also helps to cool the body).

skin, sweatx

The ____ _____ wastes out of the blood and then excretes water and urea as other substances as _______.

kidneys filter, urine

Kidneys control the amount of _____ in your body.

water

The ____ ____ _____, filters toxins and dead red blood cells from the ____.

liver makes urea, blood

The Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

True or False: Insulin (and glycogen) directly controls blood sugar (glucose) levels. Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by causing sugar to be taken into the body cells.

True!

True or False: The kidneys make urea.

FLASE!!! The liver changes ammonia to urea. Urea is then transported by the blood to the kidneys. the kidneys filter wastes from the blood to make urine.

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