Industrial cnp

What was the cause of the rise of smuggling

More goods including wines and spirits were heavily taxed

What was a notorious smuggling gang which grew in the 18th century

Hawkhurst gang

What did the smuggling gang do and when and where

Controlled smuggling among the south coast from 1735 to 49 operating on a large scale

Who were the leaders of the smuggling gang

Arthur Gray and Thomas Kingsmill

Give a reason why smuggling was considered a social crime

Members from the upper class bought cut price luxury goods from smugglers so helped conceal their activities rather then report them making it harder for authorities to track down and arrest smugglers

When did smugglers usually work what did this mean

Often worked at night in the cover of darkness which made it harder to catch smugglers

Why did smuggling decrease

It became less profitable as prime punisher William Pitt lowered the import duties in the 1780s and further reduced it in the 19th centuries which made it pointless to smuggle as there was not a significant price difference

Give 3 reasons for the growth of highway robbery

-trade increased so there was more need to move good and money around and there were very few banks which meant that ordinary people or business travelers carried large sums of cash which was seen as a opportunity for highway robbers

-countryside became less populated as towns grew which meant that there were many isolated country roads where robbery could take place unnoticed

-Turnpike trusts improved road surfaces which led to more travel including regular stagecoach serviced which carried more people and therefore more valuable things to steal so more opportunity for highway robbers

What were the 2 types of highway robbers

Footpads on foot and highwaymen on horseback

3 reasons why highway robbery was treated as a serious crime

It disrupted travel between towns

The crime was committed on the kings highway

It disrupted postal service

When was death penalty introduced for highway robbery be specific on what could be penalised

1772 anyone found armed and in disguise on the high road

When was the last reported case of highway robbery

1831

What else decreased the highway robbery other than the death penalty

The use of mounted patrols on major roads and the growth of the banking system which meant there was less need for people to carry around large sums of cash

When was the black act

1723

What was the black act

Deal with the poaching gangs by making it capitalised and also= making it illegal to blacken ur face in a hunting area and carrying snares of even owning dogs that were suitable for poaching could be punished with fines or a prison sentence

Who was allowed to hunt

Landowners with lands worth over 100 a year could hunt without restrictions

When was the black act repealed and by whom

1823 as part of Robert peel reforms

When was the abolishment of witchcraft as a crime

1736

What did the abolishment of witchcraft claim for witches to be

Confident tricksters who tried to take advantage of others

What were witches given a punishment of

Fines and imprisonment

What was the earliest form of a trade union and who was in it

George loveless and 5 other loveless brothers formed a friendly society to protest about their low wages which were 6 shillings a week when the average wage for a farm labourer was 10 shillings a week

What were the todpuddpe martyrs sentenced to

7 years transportation to Australia

Why were the todpuddle martyrs transferred

Accusation of administrating an illegal oath (an old law) but it was actually to stop their political motives of their union

What happened as consenquences to the martyrs solutions

Protests attended by up to 100k peo-le attended and a petition of 200k signatures

What did the consenquences of the martyrs show

The power of the community

What happened as a result of the community’s response of the Marty’s

Pardoned after 4 years and returned home to the hero’s welcome

What was the early part of the 19th century of the bloody code

1810 222 crimes punishable by death

When was the American war of independence

1783

When was Australia a part of the British empire

1770

Why was transportation used

It was seen as an effective dettersnt and a more humane alternative to the death penalty

How many people were transported to Australia

160000

What were 2 advantages of transportation to Australia

Alternative to building new prisons

Prisoners populate new colony to help Britain secure its ownership

What were the conditions in the prisons during the industrial era

Prisons were overcrowded so hulks were used as floating prisons just offshore and had harsh conditions with prisoners in chains

What was the conditions like on the ships for transportation to Australia

Convicts kept below deck of dirty damp conditions

How long could the journey to Australia take

Over 3 months

When did transportation to Australia officially end

1868

What were 2 reasons in Australia which triggered the end of transportation

Belief that ex convicts were the reasons for high crime rates in Australia

Free settlers argued that convict workers meant there were fewer jobs for others and employers were able to pay lower wages overall

3reasons why transportation to Australia ended in Britain

British campaigners - too inhumane conditions OR too lenient to transport

Australia discovery of gold so it was a desirable place to settle so transportation less deterrent

People concerned about the costs of running prison colony in Australia

New prisons due to the ideas of reformation and other ideas built in Britain so less need for transportation

What was the intent for public executions

They were made public events and expected to evoke fear

Why were public executions ineffective

They attracted large crowds and had a carnival atmosphere as people took time off to watch these - the crowd was drunk and unorfenly and saw it as fun and mocked authorities and then there was opportunities for further crimes liked pickpocketing and prostitution

When were public executions banned

1868

What were prisons used for before the 18 century

Holding a suspect in the run up to their trial or while awaiting execution or other punishments with poor conditions

What were 4 reasons for prison use as a punishment

It was a oppertuhity to rehabilitate

It was an effective dettersnce

Prison sentences involved hard work to payback society

Prisons made society safer by separating everyone from everyone else

What did prisons have that demonstrated the harsh conditions and hard labour in prisons

There was a tread wheel which people walked up to 10 minutes at a time with a 5 minute break before the next 10 minute set which went on for 8 hours a day

The prisoners climbed an equivalent of 2.5km per shift

How did prisoners avoid contact

In the treadwheele prisons were kept in separate booths to ensure there was no communication

What was the hard labour in prisons used for

Power generated by the treadwheele was used in prisons for e.gpumping water

what continued in terms of law enforcment but what about this had changed specifically about the employment

parish constables dealt with disorderly behaviour, petty criminals nd vagrants

watchmen responsibel for protecting private property

some wre salaried but had low pay and the job had low status

when and where were the bow street runners established

1748 london

what was the inspiration for the bow street runners

thief takers - but instead they were reformed and monitored to improve their effectiveness and questionable reputation

were the bow street runners paid/ meant to be paid for

at first, they charged fees for their services and collected rewards from the victims if their catch was succesful, however from 1785 they were pai by the government and were the first modern detective force

who established the bow street runners

the chief magistrate henry fielding

how was the bow street runners a deterrent

it increased the chances of them being caught and prosecuted which made committing a crime more risky for the perpetrator

what did the bow street organise to help enforce law

regular foot and horse patrols by paid constables along major roads

when did peel first establish the met

1829

what did the met act consist of

17 districts across london with its own division, 4 inspectors, 144 constables

what was the uniform of the met

blue overcoats and top hats to distingusih thjem from the army

when was the police act

1856

what were the terms of the police act

The Police Act of 1856 required counties and boroughs to establish a police force, provided standards for policing, and mandated that forces be maintained and paid for by local authorities.

when were the first national crime records set up

1869

when was the cid set up

1878

what did the cid branch do

focused on investigating crimes and wore ordinary ‘plain clothes’

how did the public view the cid

The public viewed the CID with suspicion and skepticism, often associating plainclothes officers with ‘public spies’.

how much did the crime rates increase between 1800 and 1840

from 5000 to 20,000

when was pentonville prison built

1842

what was pentonville prison

a prototype to test the ‘seperate system'‘ of imprisonment which emphasised self reflection and confinement that aimed to encourage individual improvement, religious faith, deterrence whilst also ensuring retribution and rehabilitation.

what was the building of pentonville prison like

Pentonville prison was designed using a radial structure, with individual cells arranged around a central hall, allowing for isolation and supervision of prisoners. Its architecture promoted the separate system, featuring small, sparse cells intended for solitary reflection. It has a heatinf system, amechaicl ventilation system and its cells featured some of the most up to date domestic technology including piped water to each cell, a basic toilet and small basin which were put in place to maintain health and living conditions of the prisoners and also to ensure that they did not have a reason to leave their cells.

what were 2 features of the prison that ensured isolation pentonville

-thick walls to stop communication between cells

-priosners allowed out for a short period of exercise or to pray in the chapel but they wore face masks for exercise and in chapels they sat in individual cubicles wearing masks made of brown sacking

what did the lack of human contact lead to in pnetonville prison

mental illnesses inckluding depression and psychosis + a high rate of suicide

what act made these prison systems harsher and what was a part of it

1865 prisons act: Enforce strict regime of punishments in all prisons without the aim of reformation- hard labour (work up to 12 hours a day), hard fare ( deliberately boring and bland diet with the same food served on the same food every week), hard board (wooden board beds instead of the hammocks prisoners had slept on previousley)

who was robert peel

prime minister from 1834 to 1835 and 1841 to 1846, becoming home secretary in 1822 , known as the “founder of modern policing” as he set up the metropolitan police force which became the model for the other police forces across the country

what impact did robert peel have on the number of penal crimes

he reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by 100

who was elizabeth fry

A prominent English social reformer and advocate for prison reform in the early 19th century. She is known for her efforts to improve the conditions of women in prison and for establishing education and employment programs.

what did elizabeth fry change in the prisons

• Established the Association for the Improvement of Female Prisoners in Newgate in 1817.

• Set up prison schools to teach women and children to read and sew.

• Organized work programs inside prisons so inmates could earn money and gain skills.

who was john howard

A prison reformer who investigated jail conditions across Europe and published The State of the Prisons (1777), calling for cleaner, healthier, and more humane treatment of prisoners.

what did john howard do

• Inspected prisons across Britain and Europe to document poor conditions.

• Published The State of the Prisons in 1777, exposing issues like disease, overcrowding, and unpaid jailers.

• Campaigned for reforms like cleaner facilities, proper ventilation, and salaries for prison staff to reduce corruption.

when was the Gaols act and who passed it

in 1823 peel encouraged parliament to pass this act

what was a part of the gaols act

prisoners should recieve regular visits from prison chaplains

gaolers should be paid so they dont need to make money from prisoners

female prisoners watched over by female wardens

prisoners not held in chains or irons

was the gaols act ineffective or effective

ineffectrive because no paiud inspectors were there to ensure that these new laws were put into practice

when were inspectors introduced and a part of what act

1853 prison act

when was the metropolitan police introduced

1829

what was the met like (6 points)

-organised in a military style hierachy

-employed full time with weekly pay funded through increased tax

-centrally organised under one clear authority for london

-headquarters set up at scotland yard

-standardised training for all officers

-2000 new recruits

why did people criticise the new met

tehy thought the police would limit their individual liberties and worried about the french style notrorious repressive police force being introduced in britain + bothered by tax

what did peel do to reduce opposition to the police

• Emphasized a civilian appearance for officers (no military uniforms, only a blue coat and top hat).

• Introduced the Peelian Principles, stressing that police exist to serve the public and earn their trust.

• Ensured strict discipline and accountability, punishing misconduct to show the police were fair and professional.