Restriction enzymes and bacterial modification

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What is DNA manipulation also known as?

Genetic engineering.

What does DNA manipulation involve?

The direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

Organisms that have had their DNA altered.

What are restriction enzymes used for in genetic engineering?

To cut DNA molecules at very precise sequences.

What do sticky ends allow in DNA recombination?

They allow for the joining of DNA fragments that have complementary sequences.

What is the function of DNA ligase?

To join DNA fragments together.

What is recombinant DNA (rDNA)?

DNA molecules formed by combining genetic material from multiple sources.

Why are marker genes used in gene cloning?

To indicate which bacteria have successfully taken up foreign DNA.

What is the purpose of using antibiotic resistance genes in plasmids?

To help identify which bacteria have successfully incorporated the plasmid.

What is the role of the lacZ gene in blue-white screening?

To detect the presence of functional β-galactosidase, which turns blue in the presence of X-gal.

What is a transgenic organism?

An organism whose genome has been changed by the addition of a gene from another species.

How do blunt ends differ from sticky ends?

Blunt ends have no single-stranded overhang, while sticky ends have overhanging strands that can base pair.

What is the significance of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene in genetic engineering?

It is used as a marker gene to visually indicate successful gene insertion by fluorescence.

What process involves the joining of single-stranded DNA or RNA by hydrogen bonds?

Annealing.

What type of gene helps bacterial cells survive against antibiotics?

Antibiotic resistance gene.

What are the two chains that make up insulin called?

Insulin chain A and Insulin chain B.

What is the outcome of splicing the chymosin gene into bacteria?

The bacteria can produce the chymosin enzyme used in cheese production.

What does the term 'ligation' refer to in genetic engineering?

The process of joining two DNA molecules using DNA ligase.

What kind of DNA is typically contained in a plasmid?

Circular DNA found in bacteria.

What technique is used to create recombinant plasmids?

Combining DNA fragments using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.

How can transformed bacteria be selected from non-transformed bacteria?

By growing them in the presence of antibiotics, where only transformed bacteria will survive.