Exam 1

what does biology study

how the principles of chemistry and physics apply to living organisms

most common elements of living organisms

• oxygen

• carbon

• hydrogen

• nitrogen

elements occuring as ions

• calcium

• phosphorus

• potassium

• sodium

• chlorine

• magnesium

what is a cation and give examples

a positively charged ion

• sodium

• potassium

• calcium

• magnesium

what is an anion and give an example

a negatively charged ion

* chloride

mass of an electron

0

how to calculate number of neutrons

atomic mass - atomic number

valence electrons

an opportunity to form a chemical bond

covalent bond

bond created by the sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally between atoms forming the bond

* no charge separations

polar covalent bond

electrons are shared unequally between the atoms forming the bond

* have slight charge separation

ionic bond

a bond formed by the giving and taking of an electron

hydrogen bond

bonds that result from polar covalent bonds in between two molecules

water molecule drawing

molecular oxygen drawing

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

emergent properties of water

• cohesion behavior

• ability to moderate temperature

• expansion upon freezing

• versatility as a solvent

cohesion

results from water molecules being attracted to each other

adhesion

attraction of a molecule to other polar or charged molecules

surface tension

ability of a liquid to resist forces pulling on the liquids surface due to cohesion

ionic solutes

the surrounding of a solute ion with water molecules all facing the opposite charge

hydophilic

• substances that have an affinity for water

• water soluble

• need to be charged or have polarity

hydronium ion

H3O+

hydroxide ion

OH-

hydrogen ion

H+ (proton)

acid vs base

• acid adds H+ to a solution

• base removes H+ from a solution

equation for pH

pH = -log\[H+\]

buffer

substances that minimize changes in pH by accepting or donating H+ ions

what does organic chemistry study

carbon-based compounds

isomers

have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures

7 functional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

hydroxyl

\

carbonyl

carboxyl

amino

sulfhydryl

phosphate

methyl

four types of large biological molecules

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

what large molecule is not a polymer (macromolecule)

lipids

polymer

molecule made by joining together multiple monomers

polymerization

process of making a polymer from monomers

* occurs via dehydration reaction (removing water)

depolymerization

action of breaking down a polymer into monomers

* occurs via hydrolysis (adding water)

function of carbohydrates

• energy storage

• structural support

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharide or simple sugar

* glucose, fructose

how many carbons do pentose and hexose have

• pentose = 5

• hexose = 6

monosaccharide

disaccharide

examples of disaccharides

• maltose

• sucrose

• lactose

parts of polsaccharides

• energy storage

  • starch (plants)

  • glycogen (animals)

• structure

  • cellulose (plants)

  • chitin (fungi)

types of carbohydrates

• monosaccharides

• disaccharides

• polysaccharides

3 groups of lipids

• fats (triglycerides)

• phospholipids

• steroids

functions of fats (triglycerides)

• energy storage

• cushion organs

• insulation

what makes up triglycerides

• glycerol

• 3 fatty acids

what makes up phospholipids

• two fatty acids (2 hydrophobic tails)

• phosphate - R group (hydrophilic head)

amphipathic molecules

any molecule that has a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part

function of phospholipids

• formation of plasma membrane

• formation of intracellular membrane

functions of steroids

• stabilize plasma membrane

• steroid hormones

example of a steroid

cholesterol

globular vs fibrous protein

• globular

  • spherical

  • soluble

• fibrous

  • long and thin

  • less soluble

what is the monomer of protein

amino acid

amino acid structure

polypeptide

long string of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds

c-terminus

the end of protein that has a free carbon group

n-terminus

the start of protein that has a free amino group

four levels of protein structure

• primary

• secondary

• tertiary

• quaternary

primary structure of protein

linear chain of amino aicds

secondary structure of protein

regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

• alpha helix

• beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure of proteins

3-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains

quaternary structure of protein

association of two or more polypeptides

denaturation

when a protein loses its shape (unfolding)

denaturing agents

pH, heat, agitation, etc. things that cause denaturation

renaturation

returning a protein to its original shape/form

function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

information storage and use of the information

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

parts of a nucleotide

• sugar

  • 5 carbon sugar

• phosphate

• nitrogen containing base (nitrogenous)

polynucleotide parts

• sugar backbone

• nitrogenous base

• 5’ end (phosphate end)

• 3’ end (hydroxyl end)

resolution

measure of how close two objects can be together and still be seen as separate

light microscope features

• uses visible light

• uses glass lenses

• use dyes and stains for contrast

electron microscope features

• uses electrons as illumination

• uses magnets instead of glass lenses

• uses heavy metals for contrast

types of electron microscopes

• transmission electron microscope (TEM)

• scanning electron microscope (SEM)

cell fractionation

breaking a cell apart and looking at the various parts

what is the basic unit of life

cell

minimal structure required by all cells

• plasma membrane

• ribosomes

• cytosol

• DNA

characteristics of prokaryotic cells

• nucleoid - region

• smaller

• found in bacteria or archaea

• DNA has single circular chromosome

characteristics of eukaryotic cells

• nucleus - membrane enclosed structure

• larger

• found in eukarya

• has multiple linear chromosomes

main parts of a eukaryotic cell

• plasma membrane

• nucleus

• cytoplasm

• extracellular structures

organelle

complex internal structures that eukaryotic cells have in their cytosol

what organelles have 2 membranes

mitochondria and chloroplasts

nuclear envelope

2 membranes surrounding the nucleus

nuclear pores

channels that allow macromolecules to move in and out of the nucleus

nuclear lamina

network of proteins that support the inner nuclear membrane

nuclear matrix

help form attachment sites for DNA

chromatin

DNA wrapped up with protein

nucleolus

area where DNA is being transcribed to RNA

cytosol

thick liquid loaded with proteins

ribosomes

make proteins

endomembrane system

connects the nucleus to the plasma membrane

parts of endomembrane system

• nuclear envelope

• ER

• transport vesicle

• Golgi apparatus

• lysosomes

• plasma membrane

• secretory vesicles

• vacuoles

rough ER function

involved in making proteins