Chapter 8 Key Terms + Objectives + Contraception

fertilization

the fusion of a male’s sperm cell with a female’s ovum to form a fertilized egg

fallopian tubes

a pair of female, pelvic anatomical structures in which fertilization takes place

ovaries

a pair of almond-shaped structures in the female pelvic cavity that produce ova and sex hormones

cervix

the opening in the lower part of the uterus that permits sperm to pass from the vagina to the uterus and a fetus to the outside at birth

menstruation

sloughing of the lining of the uterus and associated small blood vessels

menstrual cycle

near monthly production of fertilizable ova

vulvovaginitis

vaginal irritation, often called a yeast infection

failure rate

likelihood of becoming pregnant if using birth control method for 1 year

lowest user failure rate

how well a method performs when used both as intended and consistently

typical user failure rate

estimates how well a method performs when all the errors and problems encountered with a method are taken into account

fertility awareness methods

methods of birth control in which a couple charts the cycle signs of a women’s fertility and ovulation or uses basal body temp, mucus changes, and other signs to determine fertile periods

unsafe days

days in the menstrual cycle when fertilizable ova are most likely to be produced

safe days

days in the menstrual month distant from when fertilizable ova are likely to be produced

condom

a latex or polyurethane sheath worn over the penis or inside the vagina; can be a barrier method of contraception and act as a prophylactic against STD

spermicide

a chemical that kills sperm; specifically foams, creams, gels, and suppositories used for contraception

hormonal contraceptives

pills, skin patches, vaginal inserts, and injections that contain two kinds of synthetic hormones that are chemically similar to a women’s natural ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone

what does IUD stand for

Intrauterine Device

Intrauterine device (IUD)

a flexible plastic device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy

hormonal implant

1.5 inch hormone containing plastic rod placed under the skin, where it stays there for 3 years to prevent pregnancy

surgical sterilization

surgically making someone unable to have children but they can still engage in intimacy

tubal litigation

a surgical procedure in women where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or cauterized to stop pregnancy; a form of sterilization

vasectomy

a surgical procedure in men in which segments of the vas deferens are removed and the ends tied to prevent the passage of sperm

emergency contraception

using contraceptive hormones or an IUD to interrupt a possible pregnancy

abortion

expulsion or extraction of the products of conception from the uterus before the embryo or fetus is capable of independent life; abortions may be spontaneous or induced

medication abortion

nonsurgical abortion using medication to stop pregnancy

STD

an infection or infestation caused by a biological agent (virus, bacteria, inspect) that is transferred from a person to person through intimacy

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

the virus that causes AIDS

trichomoniasis

vaginal infection caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis

bacterial vaginosis (BV)

vaginal infection caused by Gardnerella Vaginalis

chlamydia

sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the genitals, anus, mouth, eyes, and sometimes lungs

gonorrhea

sexually transmitted bacterial infection of the genitals, anus, mouth, and eyes

syphilis

sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum

herpes simplex

sexually transmitted viral infection of the genitals, anus, moth and eyes, characterized by the appearance of wet, open, painful sores at the site of infection.

human papilloma Virus

the causative cause of anogenital warts and sometimes cervical cancer

Hep B Virus (HBV)

virus that causes disease of the liver

Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

sydrome of more than 2 dozen diseases caused by HIV

Molluscum Contagiosum

a virus-caused STD

Pubic Lice

insects that live on the hair shafts in the pelvic region

Scabies

infestation of the skin by mites

5 reasons for using fertility control

preventing pregnancy, managing menstrual cycles and symptoms, for medical reasons, support economic and educational goals, and plan size of family

4 methods of combination hormonal contraception

birth control pill, skin patch, vaginal ring, and progestin only methods like minipill

2 types of progestin-only contraception

minipill and injectibles

How does an IUD prevent pregnancy

weakening or killing sperm, altering the timing of the ovum or embryo’s movement, or stopping implantation of the embryo on the uterine lining

5 barrier methods of contraception

diaphragm, cervical cap, male condom, female condom, spermicides

4 fertility awareness methods of contraception

natural family planning, rhythm method, calendar method, periodic abstinance

why do so many people not use fertility control methods

low motivation, lack of knowledge, negative attitudes, relationship issues, etc

5 most common STD in America

HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B

9 risk factors for getting a STD

multiple sexual partners, false sense of safety, absence of signs and symptoms, untreated conditions, impairjudgement, lack of immunity, body piercings, value judgements, denial

How to practice safer sex and common barriers to practicing it

abstain from risky sexual activities, knowing your partners sexual history, using latex condoms,etc

Causative agents, symptoms, and treatments for trichomoniasis

caused by trichomonas vaginalis and transferred through intercourse, vaginal itching and odorous discharge,treatments are medication

Causative agents, symptoms, and treatments for gonorrhea

caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea, symptoms similar to chlamydia (mildsymptoms of pain during urination and whitish discharge),treatments are antibiotics

Causative agents, symptoms, and treatments for chlamydia

caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, mild symptoms pain during urination and whitish discharge, treated with antibiotics

Causative agents, symptoms, and treatments for genital herpes

caused by HSV-2, presence of blisters that become become painful sores, lower abdominal pain. no cure for herpes but drugs can lower severity of symptoms.

Causative agents, symptoms, and treatments for anogenital warts

caused by HPV, raised, flesh colored swellings, removed through cryosurgery, electrocautery, , medicated ointments and creams