Chad 170 Midterm 1

What is associonist perspective?

• Children come into the world with the ability to make associations

• Born with a blank slate

• Environmental experiences put things together/ making association

• The ability you are born with is to make associations

what is believed about stages in the associationist perspective?

They do not believe in stages. They believe in incremental growth and strengthening those associations

What is believed about the brain in associationist perspective?

Little can be known about the brain- the environment and social world are more important

What is believed about individual differences in associationist perspective?

Individual differences happen because everyone has different environmental experinces

What is constructivist perspective

• Children are born with innate abilities that help them make sense/ explore the world

• Innate abilities- sucking, crying, grasping, to make sense of the world

What is believed about change in constructivist perspective

Changes occur when schemas are constructed

What is believed about outward+ inward perspective in constructivist perspective

Brain reflects knowledge and growth; need nature and nurture

What is nativist perspective

• Infant brains are capable of classifying experiences much like adults

• Our minds become pre-organized to be able to classify the environment

• All we have to do is experience the world

What does stage-like mean

It is abrupt

• Concurrence: all thinking increases together from one stage to another

• Coherent organization: all thinking is interconnected

• Qualityvley different: thinking is completely different; have a totally new perspective on skills

What is concurrence in stage-like

all thinking increases together from one stage to another

What is coherent organization in stage-like

all thinking is interconnected

What is qualitiveley different in stage-like

thinking is completely different; have a totally new perspective on skills

What are theories that take an inward look at development as well as those that look outward

• Piaget( Inward Focus)- through exploration and interaction with their environment

• Vygostky( Outward Focus)- Social interaction and culture play a significant role in cognitive development

What are the four major lobes of the brain and their primary functions

• Frontal lobe including the pre-frontal cortex

• Partiel Lobe

• Optical Lobe

• Temporal Lobe

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe

• Has the pre-frontal cortex that dosent fully develop until age 23-25

• Much complex thinking

• Motor control, movement, muscle movement

• Our memories, our ability to inhibits behaviors and thoughts

What is the Broccas area

Responsible for producing language

Where is the Brocas area located

located in the back of the brain

What are the primary functions of partial lobe

• Sensory, touch, pain

• Interprets sensory information

What are the primary functions of the optical lobe

• Responsible for vision

• Primary visual cortex

• Takes information from our eyes to make sense

• Vision and imagination

What are the primary roles of the temporal lobe

• Primary Auditory cortex

• Responsible for interpreting sounds

• Has wenickes area

What is wernickes area

Responsible for interpreting language

What are the parts of a neuron and what are their functions

• Axon

• Axon Terminal

• Nucleus

• Dendrites

• Myelin sheath

• synapse

What is the nucleus in the neuron

• The cell body

• Controls the DNA and RNA information of the cell

• Controls how the cell grows and functions

What are the dendrites in the neuron

• Receive messages

• Stretch out to make connections with other neurons

What are the axons in the neuron

• The wire that connects to axon terminal

• transports information electronically down nueron

what is the myelin sheath in neuron

• Stabilize, strengthen, and protect the neuron

• allows electronic impulses to go much quicker down the axon

What is the axon terminal

• Holds neurotransmitters to send to other neurons

• Controls neurotransmitters

What are synapses in the neuron

• The connection between one neuron and dendrites of another

How does the nervous system relay signals( role of neurotransmitters)

• Neurotransimitters( chemicals) send message to nucleus

What is the significance of piaget and his ideas to the field of child development

• applied scientific methods to philosophical questions

• Developed scientific ways of capturing cognitive development

what is a drive theory

• The primary motivation for human behavior is to reduce drives

• Motivational theories- you are driven

• Piaget believed that there is drive in us to develop our understanding of our environment

What is grand theory

Theory that covers birth to adolescence

What is equilibrium

• Mind/ schema and new experiences align

• Where our knowledge and understanding match what we’re experiencing in the environment

What is an example of equilibrium

You see the soccer bal and nothing is new. Youve experinced soccer balls before, you have a schema in your head of what they are

What is Disequilibrium

• Mind/schema and new experince don’t align

• You encounter something new and you have no schema to help you understand it

• Then driven to get back into equilibrium

What is assimilation

• Applying an already existing schema to understand new experience

• Take what you already know and fit this new experience to your existing knowledge

What is an example of assimilation

You see a soccer ball and then you see a birdie and you think it is just a new sport equipment. You are assimilating

What is accommodation

Change your existing schema to fit new schema

What are the four stages for piaget

• Sensorimotor stage( 0-2)

• Pre-operational stage( 2-7)

• Concrete operations stage ( 7-12)

• Formal operations stage ( 12+)

What is the sensorimotor stage?

• Children have few knowledge

• Mainly based on senses and actions

• Sight, hearing, taste, walking, grasping

• No real thinking happening

What is the pre-operational stage

• Mental problem solving

• Thinking is limited to 1 perspective

• Can explore and think of problems but it has to have only one aspect

What is concreate-operational stage

• mental problem solving

• Can consider multiple aspects but are limited to concrete ideas

  • They can only think of concrete or lived experinces

What is formal operations stage?

• Think beyond concrete

• Can think abstratcly, hypothetically, and systematic

• Things like religion, faith, math, atoms

What are the 6 substages of the sensimotor stage

• Modification of reflexes( 0-1 month)

• Primary Circular Reactions ( 1-4 months)

• Secondary Circular Reactions ( 4-8 months)

• Coordination of 2nd circular reaction ( 8- 12 months)

• Tertiary circular thought( 18-24 months)

• Begin representational thought

What is modification of reflexes in sensimotor stage

• Born with the ability to cry, grasp, suck, so forth

What is the primary circular reactions in sensiromotor stage

• Most important part of your life

• Repetitive behavior to yourself

• They become aware of their body

What is secondary circular reactions in sensimotor stage

Repetitive behavior to objects

Coordination of 2nd circular reactions

Children become aware of the distinction between them and object

• Children are coordinating

• Putting 2+ of their schema together to get what they want

• Climb chair to get cup- they have drives

What is tertiary circular reactions in sensimotor stage

Each time they do it they are coordinating

• They change the repetitive of the motion

What is pre-operational stage

• Mental problem solving - thinking is limited to one aspect

What does irreversibility look like in the pre-operational stage

• They dont have the availability to reverse actions

What is centering?

• Centering is soley focusing on one object that stands out

• For instance, in a picture full of zebras, a child may only focus on the giraffe which is centering

What does centering look like in pre-operational stage

• Can only focus attention on one dimension, mainly the most obvious visual

What is static representation in pre-operational stage

• Mind cannot follow the transition from beginning to end; can only focus on before and after

What does egocentrism look like in pre-operational stage

• Can only focus on one perspective such as their own

What does reversibility look like in concrete operations

• They have the ability to reverse

What does centering look like in concrete operational stage

• They can decenter

• They are able to focus on multiple aspects and dimensions at once

What does centering look like in concrete operational stage

• They are able to have transformational representations

• They have the ability to follow transitions from beginning to end but realize middle is important

What does egocentrism look like in concrete operational stage

• They have the ability to focus on their own perspective and the perspective of others at the same time

What does concrete thinking look like in concrete operational stage

• Thinking is limited to only what they have experinced; cannot think beyond their own experiences

Why can children in the concrete operational stage pass the conservation task

• They are able to focus on their perspective and those of others

• They are able to decentralize and reverse

What can children do in formal operational stage

• Abstract thinking

• Hypothetical Thinking

• Systematic thinking

What is abstract thinking in formal operations stage

• ability to think about concepts that cannot be touched

What is hypothetical thinking in formal operations stage

• The what if

• Where would you put a third one

• Thinking about things that dont exists/ what they have not experienced yet

What is systematic thinking in formal operations stage

• Can do process that leads them to that soultion

• Can do step by step

• Organized method of problem solving; find all possible combinations

Ego-centrism( piaget)

• Ability to focus on one perspective- your own

What is object permanence

• knowing that an object/ person exist without having to see them

Clinical interview: sensorimotor vs preoperational

• Object permanance task

  • Testing representational thought

Pre-operational vs. Concrete operations

• 3 mountain task

  • Testing egocentrism

• Conservation task

  • Testing centering

  • Liquid

  • Mass

  • Length

• Seation

  • testing operations

• Class relations

  • Testing centering

Concrete vs formal operations

• Sandwhich task Sandwich

  • Testing concrete thinking

What is piaget criticism

• Underestimates the ability of children

  • Ages don’t match

  • limited children ability to express

• Too general

  • All thinking changing together( concurrence disagreement)

How can Piagets ideas and constructivism be applied in the classroom

• Child has to be actively reaching for equilibrium

• Small group discussions where thinking in challenged

What is culture?

Knowledge, beliefs, values, traditions, and customs that are shared by a group of people

• Family, friends, school, team, work, ethnicity

What is a psychological tool

• Tools that organize and control our thought and behavior

What are examples of psychological tools

• Books, language, number system, social norms, maps, bible

What are technical tools

• Tools that help you master the environment around you

What are examples of technical tools

• pen, ruler, hammer, air purifier, cookie tin

What is cultural knowledge according to Vygotsky

• Schooling- you learn much about behavior from school

• Cultural activities- you learn about culture through family gatherings

• Bronfenbrenners culture- Macrosystem

What is zone of proximal development according to Vygotsky

There are three levels

• Actual Level

• Zone of proximal development

• Beyond Level

What is actual level

• Things that you can already do without the assistance of one

• 2+3=5- you can do this already and have gained mastery

What is zone of proximal development( definition)

• Things that you could achieve with the help from someone else

• 144+93

What is beyond level

• Things you would not be able to do even with the assistance from someone

• Example: AP Calculus

What is internalizing

• Every cognitive task occurs twice

• Has intermental level and intramental level

What is intermental level in internalizing

• Interaction between more capable person and learner '

• Between people and social interaction- learning how to change a tire with the help of your father

What is intramental level in internalizing

• Doing it alone

• Child thinks within themselves

• Creating schema- child has to construct their understanding on their own

What is scaffolding

Process of providing support during time of learnng

What does guidance and motivation look like in scaffolding

• Make solution more attainable

• Focus child attention on important steps

• Provide motivation

What are the levels of scaffolding

• Do activity for person

• Demonstrate

• Specific instruction with visual support

• Short instruction with visual support

• Specific verbal instruction

• Verbal hints

• General verbal start

• No intervention- Low level

What are mirror neurons

Fire two times

• When you do the action

• When you see someone else do the action

What is the contingency rule

Providing/ applying the right amount of support depending on the child’s need

• Sensitivity to provide the right amount of support

How are Piaget and Vygostly views similar

• Schemas

• Constructivist

• Child is active

  • Piaget- assimilation and accomodation

  • Vygotsky: Internalization

• Social environment is important

What are piaget and Vygosky differences

Piaget

• Stages

• Focused on childs mind

• Focused on what the child is capable of now

• Development- learning

Vygostky

• Incremental growth- not stages

• Development is culture specific

• Focused on the potential of the child

• Learning- development

• Language is key

• Egocentric speech is important to develop self-realization

What are vygotskt stages of how language develops

• Social speech

• Egocentric speech

• Inner Speech

What is social speech

• Speech that is primarily used to communicate

• Help a child communicate their wants and needs

• “ Milk, hug, sleep”

What is egocentric speech

• Child is talking to themselves

• Language used to regulate behavior

What is inner speech

• Speech is now in childs head

• Internal language used to think and solve problems

• Inner monolouge

How do culture and language shape thinking

• Language creates meaning of the culture

  • Ability to communicate cultural values and beliefs

What are the socio-cultural recommendations for how group work should work

• Mixed group with more capable and less capable students

What is guided participation or intent community participation

• Learner involved in community endeavor

• Learner is eager to part of the community

• Keen attention

• Collaborative social organization

• Communication

• Transform learners participation

• Feedback through outcome and acceptance

What are the main findings of conner and cross

• mother’s adjusting levels of support to fit the child’s needs and increasing use of child contingent intervention strategies

  • caused children to utilize parent support within interactions and transfer a combination of previous knowledge and parent instruction into later independent competence