Bio quiz 1 SBI3U

kms

what are all plants evolved from? (common ancestor)

Green Algae

order of phylogenetic tree of plants

green aglae → first land plants → first vascular plants → first seed plants

first land plants (name & examples)

Bryophytes
liverworts, mosses, hornworts

first vascular plants (name & example)

Pteridophytes

ferns, clubmosses

horsetails

first seed plants (names & examples)

Gymnosperm & Angiosperms

gymnosperm examples: spines, spruce cedars 

angiosperm examples: flowering plants 

traits of bryophytes

no vascular tissues, small, lives in moist environments, needs water to be reproduced by spores

traits of pteridophytes

first with vascular tissue, true roots, stems and leaves, reproduced with spores

traits of gymnosperms

has seeds, pollen = sperm transport, adapted to dry/cold climates

traits of angiosperms

seeds enclosed in fruit, double fertilization, flower → attract pollinators

photosynthesis equation

photosynthesis reactants

carbon dioxide, water, light energy

photosynthesis products

glucose, oxygen

what are plant needs?

energy, nutrients, water, gas exchange, habitat, production, reproduction

how do plants get energy?

they create their own glucose from the sun (photosynthesis)

how do plants get nutrients?

from water, they use the roots to absorb water from soil. they need nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to make lipids and proteins.  

how to plants get water?

absorbs from roots

how to plants do gas exchange?

carbon dioxide enters from stomata (in leaves) and is used for photosynthesis

oxygen exits from stomata & transpiration 

how to plants protect themselves?

from adaptation and chemical secretions

what do plants need to reproduce? (sexual & asexual)

sexual needs gametes, asexual does not

monocot

one cotyledon (in the seed of a plant), fibrous roots, scattered vascular, parallel veins, multiples of three. (lilies)

dicot

two cotyledons (in the seed of a plant), branched veins, taproot, ringed vascular, multiples of 4 or 5. (roses)

what are all the types of vascular tissues? (7)

epidermis (dermal), periderm (dermal), xylem (vascular), phloem (vascular), parenchyma (ground), collenchyma (ground), sclerenchyma (ground)

what does dermal mean?

skin

what does vascular mean?

transporting fluids

traits of epidermis tissue

• young stems, leaves roots

• primary protective covering

• single layer of tightly packed living cells

• provides protection

• cover by cuticles to reduce water loss

• controls exchange between plant and environment

traits of xylem tissue

• thin walled, dead at maturity

• moves water and dissolved minerals upward from roots to leaves

• dead, hollow cells form tubes

traits of phloem tisse

• thin walled and alive

• water and nutrient transport

• support

• moves sugars and hormones from leaves to the rest of plant

traits of parenchyma tisse

• thin walled

• living

• storage of food, carbs (starch)

• cell process for growth and development

traits of collenchyma tissue

• thick(er) walled

• living

• support

• protection 

traits of sclerenchyma tissue

• thick(est) walls

• rigid structural support

• lignin in cell walls (which makes it rigid)

• dead at maturity 

• support and protection 

two types of leaves?

simple and compound !

labeling of the simple leaf

• veins - transports water, nutrients, sugars

• blade - flat surface that maximizes light absorption

• petiole - stalk that attaches blade to stem

two different types of compound leaves?

palmate compound and pinnate compound

how are palmate compounds structured?

leaflets from a single point

how are pinnate compounds structured?

leaflets have feather-like arrangements around a midvein (RACHIS)

labelling the pinnate compound leaf

pinna - the leaf 

petiolate - the little branch that connects the pinna and the rachis

rachis - the stem that holds all the leaves (pinna)

petio - the stem that connects the plant to the branch (no pinnas attached)

how are leaves adapted?

• large surface to maximize light  absorption

• thin so there is a short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells

• cells in the plant leaves contain chloroplasts to facilitate photosynthesis

• tiny pores (stomata) to help gas exchange

why are lichens not considered plants?

Lichens are not considered plants because they are composite organisms, formed by a partnership between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, usually an alga or cyanobacterium, rather than a single, independent plant organism

turgid vs flaccid?

turgid = swollen and rigid, when the guard cells swell. full of water and firm

flaccid = when it has lost all the water and is soft, limp, and weakened

what does potassium do?

when potassium ions (K+) move into guard cells, water follows by osmosis. the guard cells then swell (turgid) and the pore (stomata) opens.

when potassium ions move out, water leaves too causing the guard cells to shrink (flaccid) then the pores (stomata) close.

where are guard cells located?

they surround the stomatal pore

what are 4 specialized plant structures

bulbous leaves, hairs & spines, fleshy leaves, needles & scales

what are bulbous leaves and how are they helpful?

stores carbs and water underground

protected from herbivores and weather

eg. onions

what are hairs & spines and how are they helpful

tiny hairs protect the leaves from sunburn and prevents drying out in wind

spines protect against herbivores

eg. kiwi, cacti, rose

what are fleshy leaves and how are they helpful?

stores water and food

has thick cuticle for protection against elements

eg. succulents

what are needles and scales and how are they helpful

small leaves with thick cuticle to prevent water loss

survives winter

eg. pine trees

what are 4 uses of leaves?

herbs, teas, leafy greens, polish and wax

how are herbs used

• fragrant leaves used to add flavour to food

• some have medicinal properties 

• other used in ceremonial traditions

• eg. rosemary ( deftones reference ), basil

how are teas used

• teas made of plant leaves

• some for medicinal

• eg. peppermint, pine

how are leafy greens used

• big source of minerals such as iron and magnesium

• provides vitamins B, C, E, K

• eg. kale

how are polish and wax from plants used

• waxy cuticle of some plants are used to make car and furniture polishes

• also used to make some lipsticks and surfboard wax

^{types of asexual reproduction}

vegetative propagation, bulbs, cutting, plantlets 

traits of asexual reproduction

only one parent,

offsprings are genetically identical

fast reproduction