amendments, required documents, & cases // ap gov

marbury v madison

judicial review

mcculloch v maryland

supremacy clause, necessary and proper clause

schenck v us

clear and present danger test

brown v board

overturned plessy/separate but equal

baker v carr

equal protection clause (14th), fed can step in for redistricting

engel v vitale

establishment clause (1st), no school prayer

gideon v wainwright

selective incorporation, 6th, right to attorney, due process

tinker v desmoines

right to protest (1st), dont shed rights at school gates

new york times v us

freedom of the press (1st), no prior restraint

wisconsin v yoder

free exercise clause (1st), can't force amish to attend school

shaw v reno

equal protection clause (14th), no racial gerrymandering

us v lopez

commerce clause, overturned gun free school zones act

mcdonald v chicago

establish selective incorporation, 2nd, due process clause

citizens united v fec

corporate spending on campaigns has no limits, free speech

declaration of independence

declaring independence from britain

articles of confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War

constitution

our current written plan of government

federalist 10

factions are a necessary evil, greater republic allows greater public interest to be heard

brutus 1

It is impossible to have a Large republic and have a stable government

federalist 51

checks and balances

federalist 70

energy in the executive

federalist 78

judicial review

letter from birmingham jail

Letters written by MLK encouraging non-violent protest against segregation

lemon test

three-pronged rule used by the courts to determine whether the establishment clause is violated

miller test

rule used by the courts in which the definition of obscenity must be based on local standards

miranda rights

Rights possessed by persons who are arrested by the police (Remain silent, Attorney, etc.)

reasonableness test

ensures that government actions are not arbitrary or unreasonable and that they serve a legitimate purpose

1st amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd amendment

right to bear arms

3rd amendment

No quartering of soldiers

4th amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

5th amendment

The Right to Remain Silent, right to due process clause

6th amendment

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

7th amendment

Right to jury in civil trials

8th amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9th amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

10th amendment

Powers not given to federal government go to people and States

11th amendment

One State cannot be sued by another state

12th amendment

separation of votes for President and Vice President

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th amendment

Direct election of senators

18th amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

19th amendment

Women's suffrage

20th amendment

change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms

21st amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

22nd amendment

Limits the president to two terms or 10 years

23rd amendment

gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

24th amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

25th amendment

Presidential succession

26th amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

27th amendment

congressional pay raises are not begun until the next election