MICRO Exam 3

answer w def

What are the 3 cell wall blockers that are effective against gram-pos cocci & treponema pallidum

amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin

(antifungal) binds ergosterol of fungal PM; binding causes leakage of monovalent cations

amphotericin B

cell wall blocker; most broad spectrum; must be given parenterally

cephalosporin

(antimalarial); blocks P. falciparum’s ability to hydrolyze hemoglobin, parasite accumulates cytotoxic levels of heme group

chloroquine

cell wall blocker; penicillinase-resistant penicillin

cloxacillin

plasma membrane blocker; good versus gram-pos microbes & biofilms

daptomycin

blocks ribosomal elongation; broad spectrum; low toxicity

erythromycin

antifungal; blocks sterol anabolism

fluconazole

inhibition of virion entry; binds to GP41 and blocks GP41 function

fuzeon

narrow spectrum; blocks mycolic acid formation in mycobacteria

isoniazid

antihelminth; misregulation of glutamate-gated chloride channels

ivermectin

2 cell wall blockers that are penicillinase resistant

methicillin, nafcillin

cell wall blocker (delaney’s worst enemy)

penicillin

inhibits ribosomal protein synthesis by blocking 23s peptidyl transferase activity (impetigo)

pleuromutilin

antimalarial; blocks P. falciparum ability to hydrolyze hemoglobin

quinone

transcription/ mRNA synthesis blocks anti-beta subunit

rifampin

inhibition of viral assembly and of neurominidase (needed for virion release)

tamiflu

blocks charged tRNAs (protein synthesis)

tetracycline

sulfa drug, blocks prokaryotic PABA; folate anabolism (UTI)

trimethoprim

Tetracycline is considered the most _______ antibiotic

broad

Isoniazid is considered the most _______ antibiotic

narrow

________ interferes with linking enzymes; Cross-bridges and ____ subunits remain attached to their neighbors. The cell ______ from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained.

penicillin, NAM, bursts

__________ will attack the NAG NAM

lysozyme

Secreted bacterial proteins, usually enzymatic, usually from gram-pos microbes

exotoxins

kill by lysis

membrane-disrupting exotoxins

A-B exotoxins : A= ______ _____ and B= _________

active site, binding

affects neuronal transmission

neurotoxin

affects intestinal cells

enterotoxin

can affect all cells

cytotoxin

nonspecific overstimulation of host immune system in multi-organ failure

superantigens

Membrane disrupting exotoxin = _______________ ____________

clostridium perfringens

C. perfringens: Produces __________ with phospholipase activity; _______________ lyses host cells; Results in _______ tissue

exotoxins, phospholipase, necrotic

2 examples of species that use translation-blocking A-B exotoxins are ____________________ diphtheriae and shigella ______________

corynebacterium, dysenteriae

C. diphtheriae: Exotoxin gene= ____; exotoxins= ADP-__________; Modifies eukaryotic __-_ proteins (needed for translation elongation); Results in ______ protein synthesis

Tox, ribosylases, EF-2, halted

S. dysenteriae: Exotoxin gene= _____; STX = A-B exotoxin with ___________ activity; Shiga toxin removes a specific “___” nitrogenous base from the 28S rRNA (cannot form peptide bonds); Results in ______ protein synthesis

Stx, depurinase, A, halted

2 examples of species that use A-B exotoxins that inhibit nerve impulses are clostridium ___________ and clostridium ________

botulinum, tetani

C. botulinum: A-B exotoxin= ________ (neurotoxin); Botulin operates at the ________________ junction; AcH is essential for muscle ____________; Botulin inhibits _______-mediated exocytosis of AC+ TVs; Results in ________ paralysis; Death by failure ________

botulin, neuromuscular, contraction, SNARE, flaccid, inhale

C. tetani: A-B exotoxin= _____________ (neurotoxin); Glycine & GABA neurotransmitters are essential for muscle ___________; Results in ________ paralysis; Death by failure to ________

tetanospasmin, relaxation, spasmic, exhale

2 examples of species that use A-B exotoxins as enterotoxins are vibrio __________ and staphylococcus _______

cholerae, aureus

Tetanospasmin inhibits _______________-mediated exocytosis of ______ and glycine

synaptobrevin, GABA

V. cholerae: A-B exotoxin= ____; CTX operates on _____________; CTX has ADP-ribosylase activity; CTX modifies eukaryotic adenylate _______; Results in massive ______ efflux; Omosis ensues, enterocytes ___________

CTX, enterocytes, cyclase, solute, plasmolyze

Exotoxin forms ______ in the membrane, causing the cytoplasmic contents to ______ and water to ________ causing host cell to lysis.

pore, efflux, influx

Numerous activated T helper cell will hyper-activate the immune system in a non-specific fashion, patient immune system may undergo anaphylaxis

superantigen

Endotoxin (lipid ___) —> ___________ fever response

A, pyrogenic

Endotoxin: __________ eats microbe —> microbe is digested releasing __________ —> endotoxins induce macrophage release of _________ —> cytokines enter _____________ —> cytokines travel to ________________ —> cytokines induce hypothalamus to produce _____________ which induce fever

macrophage, endotoxins, cytokines, bloodstream, hypothalamus, prostaglandins

Lipid A misregulates blood _____ leading to multiple organ _______

clots, failure

Lipid portions of the LPS found on the ______ membrane of gram-___________ microbes

outer, negative

2 ways that endotoxin might kill a human host

pyrogenic fever response, misregulated blood clots

Daptomycin and polymyxin attack plasma ___________ of bacteria

membrane

Clostridium perfringens that makes exotoxin ______, can obliterate ___________ heads from tails and ______ the plasma membrane.

lipase, phosphate, melts

Bacterial vaginosis is caused by __________ species

candida

____________ species keeps candida growth in check, __________ can wipe out all the lactobacillus causing candida overgrowth.

lactobacillus, antibiotics

____________ is produced by staphylococcus lugduninsiensis

lugdunin

S. luguninsiensis is a bacteriocin that inhibits ________

MRSA

Toxins produced by the bacteria that kill closely related species

bacteriocin

___________ is produced by eleftheriae tarrae

teixbactin

E. terrae produces an __________ rather than inhibiting another molecule.

antibiotic

___________ acid (CA) is a beta-lactamase inhibitor

clavulanic

Bacteria with a beta-lactamase will cause beta-lactam _____ on -cillin drugs to be hydrolyzed. Clavulanic acid (CA) _________ beta-lactamase and protects the -cillin drugs from being broken down and allows them to _____ bacteria they would not have been able to without it.

rings, inhibits, kill

Beta-lactamase is another name for _______________, since CA inhibits it will have no effect on penicillinase-resistant penicillins.

penicillinase

_____________, ____________, and cloxacillin all have beta-lactam rings but are unaffected by beta-lactamases because they are penicillinase __________.

methicillin, nafcillin, resistent

A non -cillin antibiotic with a beta-lactam ring is ________________ species

cephalosporium

What antibiotics would you use for pulmonary tubercles? (4)

isoniazid, tobramycin, polymyxin, streptomycin

Antibiotics NOT useful against ____________ are anything to treat gram-pos microbes or cell wall blockers

mycoplasmas

What antibiotic would you use for pulmonary invasive aspergillosis? (2)

antifungal drugs, amphotericin B

High eosinophils = ___________ infection

helminth

High serum IgE antibody indicates ________ infection

parasite

Blocking of viral entry = __________ —> influenza uses viral ____________ protein to adhere to host glycoproteins decorated with _____ acid residues. DAS181 is an enzyme that cleaves sialic acids, blocking _________.

DAS181, hemagglutinin, sialic, adhesion

Viral genome assembly= __________, saquinavir, and __________ are ____ protease inhibitors.

indinavir, ritonavir, HIV

__________ inhibits the influenza M2 ion channel protein necessary for viral ________.

amantadine, assembly

Virion release = _______ and relenza inhibit influenza _________________

tamiflu, neurominindase

Neurominindase (N) is needed for influenza virion release as N ________ H::sialic acid events as nascent virion buds from host plasma membrane

cleaves

____________ antibiotic resistance mechanism includes a beta-lactam ring

catalytic

Shape change = antibiotic can no longer _____ and ______________ will form

bind, tetrapeptide

___-_________ antibiotic resistance mechanism includes MDR effluxes which constantly pumps antibiotic but can only work if respiratory chain is going.

non-catalytic

Ribosome antibiotics which can acquire _____ mutations

gene

C. sporogenes makes _____ for humans and gets nutrients in return

IPA

E. coli makes ________ ___ for human and gets nutrients in return

vitamin k

2 organisms that are mutualistic in the large intestines of synapsids

c. sporogenes, e. coli

Ancestral tetrapod and all mammals became _________ and all birds and reptiles become ________

synapsids, diapids

E. coli is ________ and salmonella/shigella is _______

synapsid, diapsid

N. gonorrhea, E. coli, Shigella species, and P. aeruginosa use _________ to adhere to their targets

fimbriae

S. mutans and S. sobrinus use glycocalyx _______ layer

slime

S. pyogenes uses gycocalyx _________ and _____________ acid

capsule, lipoteichoic

HIV uses _______ spike

GP120

The deliberate inoculation of an uninfected person with smallpox material

variolation

Are altered forms of exotoxins secreted by bacteria whose toxicity is weakened

toxoids

Blood poisoning by toxins from a local bacterial infection

toxemia

Flaccid paralysis = muscles cannot ________

contract

Spasmis paralysis = muscles cannot _______

relax

Which stage of pathogenesis? No signs or symptoms

incubation period

Which stage of pathogenesis? Mild signs or symptoms

prodromal period

Which stage of pathogenesis? Most severe signs and symptoms

period of illness

Which stage of pathogenesis? Signs and symptoms are subsiding

period of decline

Which stage of pathogenesis? Body returns to prediseased state

convalescence

Recuperating patients without symptoms; they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others

convalescent carriers

Individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent (TB, Typhoid fever)

chronic carriers

Medical and dental personnel who must handle patient materials that are heavily contaminated with patient secretions and blood risk picking up pathogens mechanically and accidentally transferring them to other patients

passive carriers

Infections acquired during the process of receiving healthcare that was not present during the time of admission

nosocomial

Inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens

fomites