An _______ that is used in the identification of human samples can be made by introducing human serum into a host animal, which then produces specific antibodies against the human serum proteins.
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Albumin
A protein that plays important roles in the maintenance of the vascular circulating fluid and the transportation of various substances such as nutrients, hormones, and metabolic products.
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Hemoglobin
An oxygen-transport protein that is found in erythrocytes.
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Purified Hemoglobin
Can be used to generate monoclonal and polyclonal antihuman Hb antibodies.
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Titration of Antibodies
An extreme excess of antigen or antibody concentrations can inhibit secondary reactions.
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Quality-control procedures
can be used to estimate the amount of a specific antibody that is present, often via titration.
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antiserum
To titrate an _______, a series of dilutions are made and each dilution is then tested for activity using precipitation or agglutination methods.
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Titer
The reciprocal of the highest dilution giving a positive reaction.
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Stronger inhibition
is usually observed for ions with large ionic radii and small radii of hydration.
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buffer system
A proper _______ must be selected in serological assays to ensure reliable results.
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Immunochromatographic Assays
These are rapid, specific, and sensitive and can be used in both laboratory and field tests for species identification.
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Hexagon OBTI and ABAcard HemaTraceĀ®
can utilize the antibodyāantigenāantibody sandwich method by using antibodies that recognize human Hb.
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RSIDā¢-Blood
use antibodies that recognize human GPA.
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Ring Assay
An antihuman antibody reagent is placed at the bottom of a test tube and a blood-stain extract is placed on top of the bottom layer.
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Ouchterlony Assay
In a positive reaction, a line of precipitate will form between each antigen well and antibody well. This assay can also determine the similarity of the antigens.
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Identity
A phenomenon wherein two antigens are identical, the two lines will become fused.
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Nonidentity
A phenomenon wherein two antigens are totally unrelated, the lines will cross each other but not fuse.
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Partial Identity
A phenomenon wherein the two antigens are related but are not identical, the lines will merge with spur formation.
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Crossed-Over Electrophoresis
This method is a combination of immunodiffusion and electrophoresis.
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Flashcard (23)