US History 1 Final Exam

Who fought in the French and Indian War?

French and British

Importance of French and Indian War

Provided Britain with enormous territorial gains in the U.S. but disputes over paying war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and the American Revolution

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Tea Act

In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. Led to Boston Tea Party

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

petition to the king urging him to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights; recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce

Boycott

A refusal to buy or use goods and services.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

First Continental Congress

Delegates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

Minutemen

citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight at a minute's notice

Natural Rights

all humans are born with rights, life, liberty, and property

Lexington and Concord

British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord). First battles

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, British suffered more deaths. America retreated

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll

Common Sense and Impact

attacked monarchy and empire. Colonies should sever ties

Declaration of Independence

asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain similar to Breakup letter

Purpose of the Declaration of Independence

to explain to foreign nations why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain

Loyalist

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriot

American colonist who favored American independence

Valley Forge

Continental Army suffered poor conditions (disease/hunger/supplies) while British had good conditions

Continental Army

American army during the American Revolution

Advantages of Britain

more soldiers, navy, strong military leadership, $$$

Advantages of Colonies

Homefield, fight far from Eng, ally in France, cause to fight

Disadvantages of Britain

fight is far from Eng, unknown territory, no cause

Disadvantages of Colonies

no army/navy, no government \= no $

Saratoga

America surrounded Britain in forest forcing surrender

Battle of Trenton

Christmas night rowed across Delaware river, British caught by surprise \= Victory

Surrender at Yorktown

French blocked Chesapeake Bay , America surround British, stalemate for 3 weeks, final battle

Importance of the French

Ally for America and helped them win the war

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Sam Adams

Founded Sons of Liberty, started Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence

Paul Revere

"The British are coming" to Lexington and Concord

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

General Gage

British general in early part of war; won Bunker Hill

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Shays Rebellion

Daniel Shay led a rebellion to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high-interest rates and taxes (MA)

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Great Compromise

states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, opposed National Bank

Anti-Federalists formed into

Democratic-Republicans

Legistlative

Makes laws

Judicial

Supreme Court, interprets laws

Executive

The person who runs the government and sees that the laws are carried out

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Process of a bill becoming a law

Both the House and Senate must approve the conference report. After both the House and Senate have approved a bill in identical form, it is sent to the president. If the president approves of the legislation, he signs it and it becomes law.

Senate

Two senators are elected by voters in each state for a six-year term.

House of Representatives

different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Purpose of Congress

Holds hearings to inform legislative, oversees executive branch, voice of the people

Qualifications for President

1. Natural born citizen 2. At least 35 years old 3. 14 year resident (4 year term)

Duties of President

enforce laws; commander of military; foreign affairs; negotiate treaties; nominate cabinet and justices; review and sign or veto bills; issue pardons; address Congress yearly (State of the Union Address)

Impeachment Process

1. House passes articles of impeachment by majority

2. Senate tries and 2/3 must convict

Qualifications for Supreme Court

No specific qualifications; person chosen typically has a legal background as an attorney (all trained in law)

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Roger Sherman

He helped draft the Great Compromise that determined how states would be represented in Congress

Significance of Whiskey Rebellion

Helped emphasize the authority of the federal government to pass tax taxes and to put down domestic rebellions.

Controversy of National Bank

Jefferson believed bank was unconstitutional, however Congress passed Bank Bill

Constructionist

those who hold to the judicial philosophy that the constitution should be interpreted strictly and literally, and in the context in which it was written.

Federalists Leader

Alexander Hamilton (John Adams)

Anti-Federalists Leader

Thomas Jefferson (Patrick Henry)

Democratic-Republicans Leader

Thomas Jefferson (James Madison)

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Effects of Sectionalism

New political parties, new reform movements, new religious groups, led to South seceding

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

Warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

XYZ affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Alien and Sedition Acts

Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)

admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state; imaginary line divided the country and where slaves were allowed

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Effects of louisiana purchase

Doubled size of US, Lewis and Clark, Helped Jefferson's dream of an agrarian society, Jefferson loses respect because he broke his belief in strict interpretation of Constitution

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by the Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

First President

George Washington

Second President

John Adams

Third President

Thomas Jefferson

Fourth President

James Madison

Fifth President

James Monroe

Sixth President

John Quincy Adams

Seventh President

Andrew Jackson

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Battle of the Bank of the United States

Led to the replacement of the bank by state banks

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States led to an economic depression

Andrew Jackson seen as a king

Opposers viewed him as an abuser of his presidential powers and not obeying the laws

Andrew Jackson as President

He opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Mexican-American War (Polk's War)

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Annexation

The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.