Anatomy Final (Part 1)

Ionic bonds vs. covalent bonds

give up electrons

share electrons

Hydrogen bonds are important for shaping which molecules?

Proteins and DNA

What is the only type of carbohydrate that can be used for energy?

monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

cellulose, starch, glycogen

saturated fatty acid structure

carboxyl group + fatty acid tail with no kinks

unsaturated fatty acid structure

carboxyl group + fatty acid tail WITH kinks

What is the polarity of a phosphate head versus the fatty acid tail in a phospholipid?

head - polar

tail - non polar

What is this?

Protein structure

What is secondary protein structure a result of?

H bonding

codon

sequence of 3 nucleotides

anticodon

binds with the matching codon - contained in tRNA

End product of glycolysis

2 pyruvic acid

4 ATP

2NADH

2H+

End product of glucose catabolism

about 36 ATP

Stratified squamous ET location

High stress areas - skin

Simple cuboidal ET location

Kidney tubules, pituitary, ovaries

Simple columnar ET (non-ciliated) location

Inner lining of the small intestine

Simple columnar ET (ciliated) location

respiratory tract, fallopian tubes

(T/F) cartilage is vascularized

false

Fibroblasts

Produce CT fibers / parts of the matrix

Reticular fibers

stabilizes organs, blood vessels, nerves and other structures

Elastic fibers

Found in the air sacs of lungs, dermis, blood vessels, and in-between vertebrate.

Hyaline cartilage vs Elastic cartilage vs fibrocartilage

ends of long bones/between ribs

epiglottis and larynx

Intervertebral disks

Dense regular CT

secures bones - makes up tendons and ligaments

dense irregular CT

dermis of skin - layered around cartilage and bone

order of the epidermis (most superficial to deepest)

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basal

Layers of the dermis

Papillary, reticular, subcutaneous

Acetylcholine

ACh - stimulates muscle contraction

When do LG Na+ channels open?

When a stimulus arrives at the plasma membrane

refractory period

period of time after the action potential has been activated where the neuron cannot be excited

When do VG potassium channels open?

30 mV / same time as Na+ channels are closing

When do sodium VG channels close?

30 mV

When do Na+ channels open

threshold (-55 mV)

how is repolarization accomplished?

K leak channels and the Na/K pump

resting neuron mV

-70 mV

Where on the neuron are graded potentials received?

dendrites

LG channel location

soma and dendrites

VG channel location

axolemma, sarcolemma and synaptic knobs