Adv. Bio Cellular Respiration

bruhh i hate bio

Define autotroph

An organism that creates its own food from inorganic substances

Define heterotroph

An organism that must consume other organisms in order to break them down and create energy for itself.

In eukaryotic cells, what is the main function of cellular respiration?

To break down food molecules (glucose) and release usable chemical energy

What percentage of energy is kept for the cell to use? What happens to the other energy?

39% is kept, the rest is lost from the heat

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

What are the reactants in cellular respiration?

Glucose and (6)oxygen

What are the products of cellular respiration?

(6)CO2 and (6)H2O

Which reactant is oxidized? What does it turn into once oxidized?

Glucose is oxidized, turns into (6)CO2

Which reactant is reduced? What does it turn into once reduced?

Oxygen is reduced, turns into (6)H2O

Which steps of cellular respiration are anaerobic?

Glycolysis

Which steps of cellular respiration are aerobic?

Krebs Cycle and the ETC

What input is needed for glycolysis to occur?

glucose

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

cytoplasm

What are the products of glycolysis?

Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate), 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH

What types of organisms perform glycolysis reactions for energy production?

ALL LIVING ORGANISMS

Explain the net production of ATP in glycolysis

4 ATP are made overall, but 2 ATP must return to the start of the process in order to power the cycle - meaning only two are kept.

What molecule conversion during the Prep reactions? (Between glycolysis and krebs cycle)

Pyruvate created in glycolysis is broken into acetyl coA.

Where are the Krebs Cycle and Prep Reactions located?

In the matrix of the cell

What molecules are produced from the Krebs Cycle?

(4)CO2, (2)ATP, (6)NADH, and (2)FADH2

What molecule produced from the Krebs Cycle is given off as waste?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Which of the molecules produced from the Krebs Cycle continues to the ETC?

NADH and FADH2

What is the function of the NADH and FADH2 molecules?

To transport excited electrons from the Krebs Cycle to the ETC

Where is the Electron Transport Chain located in Eukaryotes?

The inner membrane/cristae of the mitochondria

Where is the Electron Transport chain located in prokaryotes?

The plasma membrane(mesosome)

How does the structure of the ETC help it function more efficiently?

The many folds that make up the cristae increase the surface area / room for reactions

Energy from the ETC is used to pump H+ from ____ to ________.

Matrix, inner membrane

What are the specific inputs to the ETC reactions?

O2, NADH, FADH2, and ADP+P

How is ATP generated in the ETC? What is the process called?

This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons carried by NADH+H+, and FADH are transferred to oxygen-forming ATP.

Where does the ATP produced in the ETC go?

The ATP diffuses out of the matrix/mitochondria to power the rest of the cell.

Once NADH and FADH2 provide their electrons and hydrogen, what happens to them?

NADH and FADH2 turn into NAD+ and FAD respectively. They then pick up more H+ from the diffusion gradient, and are reused/returned to both Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

\

How is water produced from cellular respiration?

The hydrogen (from the gradient) bonds with oxygen to form water.

What metabolic pathway is present in both fermentation and cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

What are the two types of fermentation?

Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation

What is the product of Alcoholic fermentation?

Ethyl Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide

What is the product of lactic acid fermentation?

lactic acid

Example of alcoholic fermentation

yeast

Example of lactic acid fermentation?

yogurt, cheese

How much ATP is produced during fermentation?

2 ATP (because its just glycolysis)

What is the primary purpose of fermentation?

To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue to happen

Name the four stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, prep reactions, Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Can organic molecules other than glucose be metabolized?

Yes, but they enter the process at a different stage

Define catabolism

Reactions that break down molecules (cellular respiration) (Exergonic)

Define anabolism

reactions that build molecules (endergonic) (photosynthesis)

what are the outputs of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, ATP

what are the inputs of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

what is the output of glycolysis

Two pyruvate molecules, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH

What is the option after glycolysis if no oxygen is available?

fermentation

which metabolic pathway begins with glucose and ends with pyruvate

glycolysis

what can pyruvate be used for if there is oxygen?

Entering the mitochondria for the prepreactions if oxygen is available.

what can pyruvate be used for if NO oxygen is avaliable?

Converting to alcohol or lactic acid in fermentation if oxygen is not available.

What does letter A represent in the diagram?

outer membrane

What does letter B represent in the diagram?

inner membrane

What does letter C represent in the diagram?

intermembrane space

What does letter D represent in the diagram?

matrix

What does letter E represent in the diagram?

cristae

In which part of the cell does the ETC take place?

Inner Membrane/Cristae

Explain the carbon molecule conversion that occurs in the Prep reactions prior to the Krebs Cycle.

The pyruvate that enters the prep reactions after being created in glycolysis is turned into acetyl. This is significant because the pyruvate has 3 carbon, while acetyl has only 2 carbon. Then, CO2 is released. Coenzyme A then forms acetyl coA by adding itself to the acetyl. 

what is the input to prep reactions?

pyruvate, coA, and NAD+

what is the output of prep reactions?

Acetyl coA, NADH, and CO2

what molecules are produced from the krebs cycle?

CO2, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP

what molecules are the input to the electron transport chain?

FADH2, NADH, Oxygen, and ATP+P

What molecules are the product of the electron transport chain?

Water, NAD+, FAD, and 32-34 ATP

What happens to electrons in the ETC?

High-energy electrons will be released from the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and move along the inner membrane of the mitochondria, passing from one carrier protein to the next, giving energy as they go for pumping of H+.  Electrons will then be received by oxygen, the final electron acceptor.

Energy from the ETC is used to pump H+ from ________ to _________.

matrix, intermembrane space

What happens as H+ atoms that have gathered in the intermembrane space flow down the concentration gradient?

ATP is produced from ADP+P

explain the importance of oxygen in the ETC

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and needs to be there to collect the electrons at the end of the ETC.  ETC relies on oxygen to be present in order to occur.  Since the bulk of ATP is made in the ETC, without oxygen, aerobic cellular respiration could not happen, which greatly reduces the amount of energy that can be released for the cell to use.

Which metabolic pathways use Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

glycolysis and krebs cycle

which metabolic pathways use Oxidative Phosphorylation?

ETC

Which metabolic pathway does NOT result in NADH?

ETC

What is the name of the enzyme that carries the acetyl to the krebs cycle?

coenzyme A

what are the products of lactic acid fermentation?

lactic acid, NAD+

what are the products of alcohol fermentation?

ethyl alcohol, CO2, NAD+

What is the primary function that is shared by both types of fermentation?

To remove electrons from NADH and have a supply of NAD+ to enter glycolysis again (keeps glycolysis going)

What happens to pyruvate during fermentation in humans?

the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

What happens to pyruvate during fermentation in yeast?

Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide