Adv. Bio Cellular Respiration

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bruhh i hate bio

Biology

10th

75 Terms

1
Define autotroph
An organism that creates its own food from inorganic substances
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2
Define heterotroph
An organism that must consume other organisms in order to break them down and create energy for itself.
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3
In eukaryotic cells, what is the main function of cellular respiration?
To break down food molecules (glucose) and release usable chemical energy
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4
What percentage of energy is kept for the cell to use? What happens to the other energy?
39% is kept, the rest is lost from the heat
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5
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
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6
What are the reactants in cellular respiration?
Glucose and (6)oxygen
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7
What are the products of cellular respiration?
(6)CO2 and (6)H2O
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8
Which reactant is oxidized? What does it turn into once oxidized?
Glucose is oxidized, turns into (6)CO2
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9
Which reactant is reduced? What does it turn into once reduced?
Oxygen is reduced, turns into (6)H2O
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10
Which steps of cellular respiration are anaerobic?
Glycolysis
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11
Which steps of cellular respiration are aerobic?
Krebs Cycle and the ETC
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12
What input is needed for glycolysis to occur?
glucose
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13
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
cytoplasm
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14
What are the products of glycolysis?
Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate), 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH
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15
What types of organisms perform glycolysis reactions for energy production?
ALL LIVING ORGANISMS
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16
Explain the net production of ATP in glycolysis
4 ATP are made overall, but 2 ATP must return to the start of the process in order to power the cycle - meaning only two are kept.
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17
What molecule conversion during the Prep reactions? (Between glycolysis and krebs cycle)
Pyruvate created in glycolysis is broken into acetyl coA.
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18
Where are the Krebs Cycle and Prep Reactions located?
In the matrix of the cell
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19
What molecules are produced from the Krebs Cycle?
(4)CO2, (2)ATP, (6)NADH, and (2)FADH2
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20
What molecule produced from the Krebs Cycle is given off as waste?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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21
Which of the molecules produced from the Krebs Cycle continues to the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
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22
What is the function of the NADH and FADH2 molecules?
To transport excited electrons from the Krebs Cycle to the ETC
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23
Where is the Electron Transport Chain located in Eukaryotes?
The inner membrane/cristae of the mitochondria
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24
Where is the Electron Transport chain located in prokaryotes?
The plasma membrane(mesosome)
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25
How does the structure of the ETC help it function more efficiently?
The many folds that make up the cristae increase the surface area / room for reactions
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26
Energy from the ETC is used to pump H+ from ____ to ________.
Matrix, inner membrane
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27
What are the specific inputs to the ETC reactions?
O2, NADH, FADH2, and ADP+P
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28
How is ATP generated in the ETC? What is the process called?
This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons carried by NADH+H+, and FADH are transferred to oxygen-forming ATP.
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29
Where does the ATP produced in the ETC go?
The ATP diffuses out of the matrix/mitochondria to power the rest of the cell.
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30
Once NADH and FADH2 provide their electrons and hydrogen, what happens to them?
NADH and FADH2 turn into NAD+ and FAD respectively. They then pick up more H+ from the diffusion gradient, and are reused/returned to both Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

\
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31
How is water produced from cellular respiration?
The hydrogen (from the gradient) bonds with oxygen to form water.
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32
What metabolic pathway is present in both fermentation and cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
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33
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation
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34
What is the product of Alcoholic fermentation?
Ethyl Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
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35
What is the product of lactic acid fermentation?
lactic acid
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36
Example of alcoholic fermentation
yeast
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37
Example of lactic acid fermentation?
yogurt, cheese
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38
How much ATP is produced during fermentation?
2 ATP (because its just glycolysis)
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39
What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue to happen
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40
Name the four stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, prep reactions, Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
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41
Can organic molecules other than glucose be metabolized?
Yes, but they enter the process at a different stage
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42
Define catabolism
Reactions that break down molecules (cellular respiration) (Exergonic)
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43
Define anabolism
reactions that build molecules (endergonic) (photosynthesis)
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44
what are the outputs of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, ATP
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45
what are the inputs of cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
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46
what is the output of glycolysis
Two pyruvate molecules, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH
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47
What is the option after glycolysis if no oxygen is available?
fermentation
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48
which metabolic pathway begins with glucose and ends with pyruvate
glycolysis
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49
what can pyruvate be used for if there is oxygen?
Entering the mitochondria for the prepreactions if oxygen is available.
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50
what can pyruvate be used for if NO oxygen is avaliable?
Converting to alcohol or lactic acid in fermentation if oxygen is not available.
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51
What does letter A represent in the diagram?
What does letter A represent in the diagram?
outer membrane
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52
What does letter B represent in the diagram?
What does letter B represent in the diagram?
inner membrane
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53
What does letter C represent in the diagram?
What does letter C represent in the diagram?
intermembrane space
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54
What does letter D represent in the diagram?
What does letter D represent in the diagram?
matrix
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55
What does letter E represent in the diagram?
What does letter E represent in the diagram?
cristae
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56
In which part of the cell does the ETC take place?
Inner Membrane/Cristae
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57
Explain the carbon molecule conversion that occurs in the Prep reactions prior to the Krebs Cycle.
The pyruvate that enters the prep reactions after being created in glycolysis is turned into acetyl. This is significant because the pyruvate has 3 carbon, while acetyl has only 2 carbon. Then, CO2 is released. Coenzyme A then forms acetyl coA by adding itself to the acetyl. 
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58
what is the input to prep reactions?
pyruvate, coA, and NAD+
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59
what is the output of prep reactions?
Acetyl coA, NADH, and CO2
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60
what molecules are produced from the krebs cycle?
CO2, NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP
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61
what molecules are the input to the electron transport chain?
FADH2, NADH, Oxygen, and ATP+P
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62
What molecules are the product of the electron transport chain?
Water, NAD+, FAD, and 32-34 ATP
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63
What happens to electrons in the ETC?
High-energy electrons will be released from the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and move along the inner membrane of the mitochondria, passing from one carrier protein to the next, giving energy as they go for pumping of H+.  Electrons will then be received by oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
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64
Energy from the ETC is used to pump H+ from ________ to _________.
matrix, intermembrane space
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65
What happens as H+ atoms that have gathered in the intermembrane space flow down the concentration gradient?
ATP is produced from ADP+P
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66
explain the importance of oxygen in the ETC
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and needs to be there to collect the electrons at the end of the ETC.  ETC relies on oxygen to be present in order to occur.  Since the bulk of ATP is made in the ETC, without oxygen, aerobic cellular respiration could not happen, which greatly reduces the amount of energy that can be released for the cell to use.
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67
Which metabolic pathways use Substrate Level Phosphorylation?
glycolysis and krebs cycle
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68
which metabolic pathways use Oxidative Phosphorylation?
ETC
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69
Which metabolic pathway does NOT result in NADH?
ETC
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70
What is the name of the enzyme that carries the acetyl to the krebs cycle?
coenzyme A
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71
what are the products of lactic acid fermentation?
lactic acid, NAD+
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72
what are the products of alcohol fermentation?
ethyl alcohol, CO2, NAD+
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73
What is the primary function that is shared by both types of fermentation?
To remove electrons from NADH and have a supply of NAD+ to enter glycolysis again (keeps glycolysis going)
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74
What happens to pyruvate during fermentation in humans?
the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
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75
What happens to pyruvate during fermentation in yeast?
Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
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