A&P Midterm

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis is deep to the stratum corneum and superficial to the stratum granulosum in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

What layer of the epidermis is deep to the stratum granulosum and superficial to the stratum basale?

Stratum spinosum

Which layer of the epidermis is deep to the stratum spinosum and superficial to the dermis?

Stratum basale

What is the superficial layer of the dermis?

Papillary layer

What is the deep layer of the dermis?

Reticular layer

Where is the stratum lucidum found on the body?

Thick skin; palms and soles

What type of skin lacks hair follicles?

Thick skin

What is the only membrane that lacks epithelial cells?

Synovial membrane

What type of membrane surrounds the heart?

Serous membrane

What type of membrane is the skin?

Cutaneous membrane

What fluid is found within synovial membranes?

Synovial fluid

What type of membrane surrounds tendons?

Synovial membrane

What type of pathogen causes chicken pox?

Virus

What type of pathogen causes impetigo?

Bacteria

What type of pathogen causes ringworm?

Fungus

What does the word 'tinea' imply the pathogen is?

Fungus

What does the suffix -itis mean?

Inflammation

What is an example of a cutaneous membrane?

Skin

What type of cells make up the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

What part of the pelvic girdle articulates with the femur?

Ilium

What is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg?

Tibia

What lower arm bone articulates with the humerus?

Ulna

Where can an infant’s pulse be felt through on their skull?

Fontanel

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

What suture separates the occipital bone from the other cranial bones?

Lambdoidal

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

What lower arm bone articulates with the carpals?

Radius

What two bones make up the shoulder complex?

Clavicle and scapula

What are the 3 parts of the pelvic girdle?

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

What tarsal is commonly known as the heel bone?

Calcaneus

What is the patella commonly known as?

Knee cap

What type of bones make up the cranium?

Flat

What are the two bone classifications of the skull?

Facial and cranial

What is the opposite of superior?

Inferior

What is your pollex?

Thumb

What plane is adduction in?

Frontal

What means toward the midline of the body?

Medial

Unless specifically stated otherwise, what position should you assume your body is in?

Anatomical Position

What pH does an acid have?

Less than 7

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

What organelle synthesizes proteins?

Ribosome

What are the four types of body tissues?

Nervous, muscular, connective, neural

What two cavities are dorsal?

Cranial and spinal

What plane divides the body into top and bottom halves?

Transverse

What plane divides the body into left and right halves?

Sagittal

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

What type of skeletal muscle has fibers that do not cross?

Pennate

What muscle is known as the 'smiling muscle'?

Zygomaticus

What are the three types of pennate fiber arrangements?

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

What type of contraction has no change in muscle length?

Isometric contraction

What is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle?

Acetylcholine

What type of contraction happens when the agonist contracts/lengthens while the antagonist relaxes?

Eccentric contraction

What does CNS stand for?

Central Nervous System

What does PNS stand for?

Peripheral Nervous System

What carries impulses from the CNS out to the muscles and the glands?

Efferent nerves

What carries impulses from the sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS?

Afferent nerves

What makes the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What makes the myelin sheath in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

What are the different categories of reflexes? (2)

Somatic and autonomic

What happens when a nerve is polarized?

Inside of cell membrane is more negative than the outside OR Outside is more positive

What happens when a nerve is depolarized?

Outside of the cell membrane is more negative OR inside is more positive

What is the time it takes for an action potential to stop and repolarization to happen?

Refractory period

What is cranial nerve II?

Optic

What is the function of cranial nerve II?

Sight

What is cranial nerve IV?

Trochlear

What is the function of cranial nerve IV?

Eye movements

What tissue in the cerebrum is nonmyelinated?

Gray matter

What divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?

Parieto-occipital sulcus

What divides the cranium into left and right hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

What tissue in the cerebrum is myelinated?

White matter

What secretes an oily substance and is located in the eyelids?

Tarsal glands

What is the external membrane that covers the exposed eyeball and lines the eyelid?

Conjunctiva

What muscle is responsible for medial eye motion?

Medial rectus

What are the muscles of the eye known as?

Extrinsic muscles

What is the innermost layer of the eye?

Retina

Where do the optic nerves cross?

Optic chiasma

What is the description for presbyopia?

Age-related farsightedness

What is the progressive loss of central vision?

Macular degeneration

What is another name for the external acoustic meatus?

Auditory canal

What is another name for the tympanic membrane?

Eardrum

What are the body's three smallest bones known as?

Ossicles

What is the ossicle that transmits sound from the tympanic membrane to the anvil?

Hammer or malleus

What structure in the inner ear helps with balance and contains receptor hair cells?

Semicircular canals

What type of fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

Endolymph

What is presbycusis?

Age-related hearing loss

What is a condition that causes ringing in the ears?

Tinnitus

What is swimmer's ear also known as?

External otitis

What is the cranial nerve that sends impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain?

Olfactory nerve

What are airborne particles that trigger the sense of smell known as?

Odor molecules

What medication can work to curb the activity of histamines?

Antihistamines

What are the sensory receptors for taste?

Taste buds

What stimulates the gustatory hairs to send nerve impulses to the brain?

Tastants

How much of what we attribute to taste is actually due to smell? (it is a range)

75%-90%

Name the 5 basic tastes.

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

What heals more quickly than any other part of the human body?

The tongue

What supports the olfactory receptor cells?

Supporting cells

How big is the olfactory region?

Dime-size

What are threads that extend from olfactory receptor cells into the nasal cavity?

Olfactory hairs