Studied by 57 people
UT Austin, Intro to Native American History, Vocab list, Erika Bsumek
Kennewick Man
Who: Remains found along Columbia River in Kennewick Washington
What: Remains were old and provided physical characteristics of early North American populations
Where: Banks of Columbia River near Kennewick
When: 9,000 years old
Why: Controversy around ownership of the remains, NA wanted remains and so did scientists
Navajo Emergence Story
Who: Navajo people
What: Creation myth that describes journey of Navajo from lower world to the earth’s surface
Where: Passed along oral traditions along Southwestern US
When: Generations
Why: Provides guidance, cultural identity, relationship with natural elements
Chaco Canyon
Who: Ancestral Puebloans
What: network of kivas and Puebloan settlements
Where: New Mexico
When: 9th centurcy CE to 13th century CE
Why: It was a center for religious and cultural activities, structures are aligned with solstices and equinoxes, served as a hub for trade
Cahokia
Who: Mississippian Native Americans such as Osage and Quapaw
What: Site of mounds, plazas, and other structures
Where: Southwestern Illinois, alongside Mississippi River
When: Largest during 10th and 13th century CE, population declined around 14th century CE
Why: It was a major center for religious and cultural activities, it facilitated trade networks, it allowed for cultivation and advanced farming techniques
Iroquois
Who: Native Americans of the Six/Five Nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora
What: Political and social organization known for their use of longhouses and agriculture
Where: Northeastern part of North America, New York State, Eastern Canada
When: Late 14th Century and early 17th Century
Why: Formed for mutual defense against colonists and other tribes, prevented internal conflict, cultural preservation
Clan Mothers
Who: Respected women within Native societies
What: Served as leaders and decision makers
Where: Found in numerous tribes, their role can vary depending on tribe
When: Pre-Contact era → Now
Why: They are valued for their wisdom and leadership, they are responsible for preserving their culture, they are know for balancing the society and preventing conflict
Columbian Exchange
Who: European explorers, Settlers, Traders, Native American Populations
What: Process of exchange and transfer of goods, cultures, diseases
Where: Old World (Europe) and New World (US)
When: Began 1492, most significant in 16th and 17th century
Why: Natives gained access to new crops and technology, with that came deadly diseases. Overall led to cultural exchanges of art, food, religion, etc.
Pueblo Revolt
Who: Led by Pope, a Tewa religious leader
What: Coordinated and successful uprising by Puebloan tribes against Spanish rule in New Mexico
Where: Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico (now New Mexico)
When: Summer 1680, specifically August 10
Why: Puebloans experienced oppression and religious pressures from the Spanish to convert to Catholicism, they were forced to work for the Spanish, their traditional cultural authority was undermined, they wanted to preserve their culture
Pope’
Who: AKA Po’pay was a Tewa religious leader behind the Puebloan Revolt of 1680.
What: Best known for leading pueblo revolt of 1680
Where: Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico (New Mexico)
When: Summer of 1680
Why: Puebloan cultural and religious oppression from the Spanish, as well as forced labor and cultural preservations.
Juan of Tesque
Who: Person absolved of his crimes by the spanish, and interviewed by spanish priests
What: Claimed the pope’ spoke with the devil and instilled fear in teh Puebloan people which is what caused them to revolt against the spanish
Where: New Mexico
When: After the Puebloan Revolt
Why: He wanted the spanish to accept him
Two-Spirit People
Who: Native American individuals who have a unique gender identity
What: recognized for embodying dual or balanced spirit, presenting masculine and feminine qualities
Where: Found among numerous tribes, not only limited to Navajo
When: Long before European contact
Why: They often hold sacred and important roles in ceremonies and spiritual practices, they show the acceptance and gender diversity among natives, as well as serve as healers and counelors
Jesuit “black robes”
Who: Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order, primarily French and Spanish missionaries
What: Sought to convert indigenous people to Christianity, mainly Catholicism
Where: North America, South America, Central America
When: early 17th century
Why: They aimed to convert natives to Catholicism as a means of salvation, they encouraged natives to adopt European customs and lifestyles, the French and Spanish saw the Jesuits as a way to exert control over natives peacefully
Pequot Massacre
Who: English colonists, Pequot Tribe
What: Was a brutal attack on Pequot village by English colonists and their Native American allies. Resulted in hundreds of deaths of Pequot people
Where: Pequot Village of Mystic, located in now southwestern Connecticut
When: May 26, 1637
Why: It was a culmination of tensions between English settlers and Pequot tribe, over land, resources, and trading disputes. Massacre was a result of Pequot warriors killing the english colonists and burning the trading post
Beaver Wars
Who: Several Native American Tribes (Iroquois Confederacy, the Huron Confederacy, the Susquehannock, etc.) and European colonial powers, mainly French and Dutch
What: Series of conflicts and territorial disputes over fur trade in North America
Where: Northeastern part of North America, part of present-day New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio
When: Late 16th century to the late 17th century
Why: Fur trade competitions, territorial expansions on both sides, alliance building for tribes to gain alliances with the French or Dutch in order to gain military support
Covenant Chain
Who: Iroquois Confederacy, European Colonial powers (British and Dutch, later the French)
What: Was a series of diplomatic agreements and alliances to establish trade and mutual defense between Iroquois and European colonists
Where: Northeastern North America, New York, Pennsylvania, parts of Canada
When: Began mid-17th century
Why: Provided a framework for peaceful relations, British offered protection to the Iroquois, allowed for exchange of goods, Iroquois used British to increase their political influence with other Native American Tribes.
King Philip’s War
Who: Metacom (King Philip), multiple Native American tribes, English colonists
What: Conflict between Native American tribes and English colonists, it involved a series of battles, it was named after Native American leader Metacom
Where: New England colonies, now Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire
When: 1675-1676
Why: Land disputes due to English colonists rapid expansion into Native territory, and differences in culture, religion, and lifestyle created tensions between the two groups,
Metacomet
Who: Metacom aka King Philip was a Wampanoag leader and chief of Pokanoket tribe
What: He’s best known for his leadership during King Philip’s War, he played a central role in organizing and leading Native American resistance against English Colonial expansion
Where: Took place in the New England colonies
When: 1675-1676
Why: Metacomet got involved due to the land disputes between the Colonists and Native Americans, his efforts demonstrated the desire for Native Americans to protect their land
French and Indian War
Who: British Empire, The French Empire, Native American Tribes
What: Was a global conflict fought between British and French empires, Native American tribes played a crucial role in fighting alongside both parties
Where: Primarily North America, specifically Ohio River Valley, and the Great Lakes
When: 1756 - 1763
Why: Primary causes include competition for territory, struggle for colonial dominance between British and France, fight for Native American tribe alliances
Chief Corstalk
Who: Shawnee Leader
What: Shawnee Leader known for his efforts to resist European colonization (think: what did shawnee grow)
Where: Ohio Country, present-day Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky
When: late 18th century
Why: Resisted European colonization to protect native lands, was involved with negotiations and treaties to establish peace between Shawnee and the US
Joseph Brant
Who: Mohawk Leader and member of the Mohawk Wolf Clan
What: Known for his leadership during the American Revolutionary War to protect the Iroquois Confederacy, he was a skilled military commander
Where: Northeastern North America, New York, Ontario
When: Late 18th century
Why: He wanted to use his military leadership to protect native lands as well as negotiate treaties on behalf of the Iroquois Confederacy
Molly Brant
Who: Mohawk woman and the sister of Joseph Brant
What: Known as a diplomat and cultural mediator, she played a vital role in negotiations between colonists and British officials on behalf of the Iroquois Confederacy
Where: Northeastern North America, New York and Ontario
When: Late 18th century
Why: She was a skilled diplomat who worked to retain friendly relations between natives and Europeans
Pontiac
Who: Ottawa leader
What: Know for his leadership during Pontiac’s War, a conflict between Native tribes and British forces in the aftermath of the French and Indian War. He organized the resistance against colonial expansion
Where: Great Lakes Region, present-day Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania
When: 1760s
Why: Wanted to protect Natives as a response to British colonial policies that treated Native Americans inhumanely, he rallied various tribes to resist British encroachment, he was able to influence the proclamation of 1763 which prohibited westward expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains
Neolin
Who: A Lenni Lenape prophet and spiritual leader
What: Best known for his religious and spiritual teachings which emphasize a return to traditional Native American ways and a rejection of European customs
Where: Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region
When: mid 18th century, particularly 1760s-70s
Why: Advocated for spiritual revival among Native Americans to reject European Influences as resistance to colonialism and support Pan Influence movements.
Treaty of Paris
Who: Great Britain and the United States
What: Treaty officially ended American Revolution
Where: Negotiations took place in Paris, France
When: September 3, 1783
Why: Territorial changes took away land from Native American tribes particularly those in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes Region.
Alexander McGillivray
Who: Known as Hopuehoccu or Little Prince, was a mixed-race Creek Leader of Scottish and Creek ancestry
What: known for his roles as a diplomat, military leader, and political figure among the Creek Nations
Where: Creek Nation, now parts of Alabama and Georgia
When: late 18th century
Why: He used his skills as a diplomat to navigate relationships between the Creek Nation and European colonial powers. He played a role in resistance efforts against American expansion because he was fluent in English and Creek so he served as a mediator and interpreter.
Treaty at Fort Finney
Who: Us and Native American tribes from Delaware and Wyandot
What: treaty between US and Natives to address land cessions and trade relations, aimed at creating peaceful relations
Where: Fort Finney near Ohio
When: January 31, 1786
Why: Treaty resulted in the cession of a significant amount of Native American territory in Ohio Country to the US. Native American tribes were caught in the middle of complex alliances and conflicts between colonial powers
Treaty of Greenville
Who: US and Native American tribes (Miami, Shawnee, Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, etc.)
What: Treaty aimed to resolve conflicts between Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory and the US. following the defeat of the Native American coalition at the Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794.
Where: Greenville, Ohio
When: August 3, 1795
Why: Treaty resulted in cession of large portions of Native American lands in the Northwest Territory. It aimed to establish lasting peace between US and Indigenous tribes in the region. Treaty recognized tribes as sovereign entities and established boundaries.
Northwest Ordinance
Who: US Congress (Thomas Jefferson and Manasseh Cutler)
What: Was a law that governed the organization and governance of the Northwest Territory, land northwest of the Ohio River
Where: Present-day Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota
When: July 13, 1787
Why: Ordinance provided legal framework for the cession of Native American lands, legislation recognized the need for peaceful negotiation with Native Americans, however, most negotiations only favored Americans
Mary Jemison
Who: European American woman
What: Represents an example of cultural adaptation between Native American and European Cultures. She is known for being adopted by the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy after she was captured by a group of French and Shawnee during the French and Indian war
Where: Genesee River Valley of Western New York
When: 1758+
Why: She adapted to Seneca culture and become fully integrated into the tribe, her unique position allowed her to serve as abridge of understanding between the two worlds
Chief Tammany/Tammenend
Who: Legendary figure in Native American Folklore particularly among the Delaware Lenape and other tribes
What: Known as a symbol of peace, wisdom, and unity
Where: North America
When: Predates European Contact
Why: He is associated with principles of governance and wisdom and reflects forms of leadership and decision-making. He served as a figure of resistance against European colonization
Tecumseh
Who: A Shawnee chief and warrior
What: Best known for his efforts to unite various Native American tribes to resist westward expansion
Where: Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region, Old Northwest
When: early 19th century, late 1800s
Why: He recognized the threat Americans bought to Natives and tried to protect the tribes by creating a Pan-Alliance. He served as a symbol of resistance against colonialism
Diego Devargas
Who: Spanish Colonial Governor and military leader
What: known for his efforts to reclaim and re-establish Spanish control over New Mexico after it had been lost to Native Americans during the Pueblo Revolt
Where: Present-day New Mexico
When: 1692-1694 he led his most important campaign
Why: He supported the restoration of Spanish Rule and pursued a more conciliatory approach when compared to previous Spanish leaders. He offered terms of peace and protection of Native American religious practices and land rights in return for their return to Spanish rule
Tenskwatawa
Who: Shawnee religious and political leader
What: Known for his role as a religious visionary and leader who promoted spiritual and cultural revival among Native American tribes. Tecumseh’s Brother
Where: Ohio Valley and Great Lakes Region
When: 1805-1813 Most important campaign
Why: Advocated for the return to traditional Indigenous beliefs and practices, he emphasized importance of pan-Indian alliances to resist American expansion and protect cultural reservation
Black Hoof
Who: Shawnee name was Catahecassa, was a Shawnee chief and leader of the Hathawekela division
What: Known for his role as leader who favored peaceful coexistence and accommodation with American settlers and US government
Where: Ohio Country
When: late 18th century and into early 19th century
Why: He advocated for peace with settlers and the US government, he encouraged Shawnee tribes to adopt European American farming practices, and saw it as a means of self-sufficiency and economic stability. Was in conflict with Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
Sacagawea
Who: Shoshone woman who was an interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
What: Known for being kidnapped and serving as an interpreter and guide for lewis and clark as they explored western portion of US
Where: Western US, Present-day Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
When: 1804-1806 expedition occurred
Why: She served as a bridge between the expedition party and Native American Tribes they encountered along their journey. She helped convey a peaceful intent to Native American tribes as the expedition occurred.
Lewis and Clark
Who: Both explorers and leader of the expedition to explore West US
What: Landmark journey commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore and map newly acquired western territories of the US, particularly Louisiana Purchase.
Where: Western US, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
When: Expedition took place from May 1804 → September 1806
Why: One objective was to establish peaceful relations with Native American tribes encountered along the journey, the party learned to trade with Native tribes, and they also provided valuable historical records and maps
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
Who: US Congress, federal agents, Indian agents, military personnel
What: Series of laws passed to regulate interactions between Native American tribes and non-Native American tribes, including settlers, traders, and land spectators
Where: Entire territory of the US
When: 1790, 18th and 19th centuries
Why: Act sought to protect Native American lands from encroachment and unauthorized land purchases by non-Native Americans. It encouraged peaceful relations between tribes and settlers and established a procedure for obtaining land required by the federal government
George Morgan
Who: American merchant, trader, diplomat
What: Best known for his involvement in trade and negotiation with Native American tribes, served as an agent for the Continental Congress
Where: Ohio Country
When: Late 18th century, primarily years leading up to the American Revolution
Why: Involved with negotiations between the US and various Native American tribes to secure land cessions and establish peaceful relations. His efforts helped maintain trade network and economic relationships
Black Hawk
Who: Sauk leader
What: Known for his leadership in the Black Hawk War, a conflict that took place in 1832 in upper Mississippi Valley. The war happened due to land disputes between Native American tribes Sauk and Fox and the US government, which wanted to take their lands
Where: Present-day states Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Mississippi River
When: Black Hawk War occurred in 1832
Why: He and his followers resisted the forced removal from their ancestral lands, he symbolized the determination of Native American tribes to maintain their cultural identity
Jane McCrea
Who: Young woman from New Jersey
What: Primarily known for her brutal killing during the American Revolutionary War. Her death became controversial
Where: Fort Edward, New York
When: July 1777 during the American Revolutionary War
Why: She was killed allegedly by a group of Native American warriors led by a British loyalist while she was traveling to meet her fiancé. Her death was publicized and used as propaganda by both sides of the conflict, story portrayed Native Americans as ruthless allies to the British.
Samson Occom
Who: Native American of the Mohegan Tribe, he was a Presbyterian minister, preacher, and writer
What: Known for his efforts to spread Christianity among Native American tribes, particularly the Mohegan and the Montaukett
Where: New England, mainly Connecticut and New Hampshire
When: 18th century
Why: He was an advocate for the education of Native Americans, he traveled extensively to preach Christianity, he was an early advocate for Native American rights
Saukamappee
Who: Cree Elder living among the Black Feet Confederacy, was a smallpox survivor
What: He was a smallpox survivor, he told the story of how his tribe raided an American camp, however, no one fought back because all of the Americans were dead. Him and his tribe then raided all the goods from the Americans and later they all developed smallpox and most of them died
Where: IDK
When: 1780s
Why: It’s important because it shows how trading with the Americans provided Indians with new resources but overall it ultimately killed them
Dragging Canoe
Who: Cherokee Leader, song of Cherokee leader Attakullakulla
What: Best known for his leadership in resisting European-American expansion into Cherokee territory. He was a prominent figure in the Cherokee War of 1776 and the following conflicts
Where: Southeastern United States, Present-Day Tennessee and Georgia
When: late 18th century, mainly during American Revolutionary War and its aftermath
Why: Opposed signing the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals (which ceded Cherokee land), led Cherokees in armed resistance against American settlers to protect Cherokee lands, culture, and sovereignty
Andrew Jackson
Who: Military leader, politician, seventh president of the United States
What: Best known for his role in the Indian Removal policy during his presidency, he relocated several Native American tribes from their ancestral lands through the Trail of Tears
Where: Southeastern United States, Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole nations
When: President 1829-1837
Why: authorized removal of Native Americans, and forced removal of tribes leading to the displacement, death, and suffering of indigenous peoples.
Thomas Jefferson
Who: American statesman, founding father, and author of the Declaration if Independence, 3rd presided of US
What: known for his role in expansion of the US, mainly the Louisiana Purchase in 1903, and oversaw the Lewis and Clark expedition
Where: United States, main focus on westward expansion
When: President from 1801 to 1809
Why: Purchased the Louisiana Purchase which displaced various Native American tribes, used the lewis and Clark expedition to find native tribes in west US. advocated for policy of assimilation and civilization for Native American tribes, encouraging Natives to adopt European farming practices and lifestyles
Burgoyne
Who: British army officer and member of the British Parliament
What: known for his role as the commanding officer of British forces during the Saratoga Campaign, during the Revolutionary War
Where: New York
When: Saratoga campaign happened in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War
Why: Supported the British to ally with Native Americans
Gnadenhutten
Who: Place established by Moravian Christian missionaries, inhabitants primarily consisted of Christianized Delaware (Lenape) and Mohican Native Americans
What: Was a Moravian mission village where Native Americans converted to Christianity and lived in a communal setting adopting European practices. Tragic massacre happened in 1782 during the Revolutionary War
Where: Eastern Ohio
When: 1770s place was established, massacre happened in 1782
Why: Massacre happened when a group of militiamen from Pennsylvania, believed that Christianized Delaware had provided support for Native American warriors and the British to attack an American village. Militiamen killed almost 100 natives, massacre remains controversial
Cortes and Coronado
Who: Spanish conquistadors
What: Cortes known for leading expedition that resulted in conquest of Aztec Empire in Mexico. Coronado known for expedition into US to search for the seven cities of gold
Where: Cortes = Mexico, Coronado = Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas
When: Cortes arrived in Mexico in 1519, conquest completed in 1521, Coronado’s expedition took place in early 1540s
Why: Cortes expedition resulted in the death and displacement of countless indigenous peoples as well as forced labor and the introduction to new diseases. Coronado’s resulted in the exchange of Spanish and indigenous cultures as well as indigenous displacement
Royal Proclamation 1763
Who: King George 3, British settlers, Native Americans
What: Proclamation to manage newly acquired territories in North America following the British victory in the French and Indian War. It established guidelines for the governance of the land and interactions between British settlers and Native American tribes
Where: Canada, Ohio Valley, Great Lakes Region, East of Mississippi River
When:1763
Why: It acknowledged that Native American tribes held certain rights to the lands they inhabited, and the lands could not be taken without natives consent. It regulated trade with Native Americans, and was intended to maintain order to avoid conflicts between settlers and natives
Wampus Belts
Who: created and used by Native American tribes across North America
What: Intricate beadwork belts made from shell beads, woven in patterns
Where: Native American tribes in northeastern regions
When: Pre-European contact
Why: Held cultural significance used in ceremonies, rituals, and storytelling, they often conveyed important narratives, they were also used to trade, to keep records, and as a form of currency
“Female Combatants” 1776
Who: Women from various backgrounds, European American, African American, Native American women
What: Women were engaged in combat roles during the American Revolutionary War, served as soldiers, scouts, messengers, etc. Native American communities had a long history of women participating in defense and warfare
Where: Eastern Seaboard, the Midwest, other regions
When: American Revolution began in 1775 and continued until 1783
Why: Women played crucial roles in defending their community and symbolized the resilience and determination of the Native American communities to protect their lands
“Playing Indian”
Term used to describe non-natives dressing up as Native Americans as a form of costume, performance, cultural appropriation, misrepresentation, and mockery
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Flashcard (43)