ORG CHEM LAB - MIDTERMS PERIOD

DISTILLATION

process of converting a liquid to vapor --> converting the vapor into liquid --> collecting the distillate in another container

DISTILLATE

liquid product of distillation

EVAPORATION

liquid --> gas

CONDENSATION

gas --> liquid

VOLATILE

substance that evaporates easily at normal temperature

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

used to separate liquids that have atleast 50°C (or higher) difference in their boiling points

JUSTUS VON LIEBIG

German organic chemist responsible for perfecting the design of this container

DISTILLATION FLASK

where evaporation happens in simple distillation

CONDENSER / LIEBIG CONDENSER

where condensation happens in simple distillation

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

used in isolating components of complex mixtures with small boiling points

VACUUM DISTILLATION

is used when the boiling point of the compound (or the solvent) is too high (>150°C) in order to distill the compound (or the solvent off) without significant decompoition

STEAM DISTILLATION

is a separation process used to purify or isolate temperature-sensitive materials, such as aromatic compounds

78.37°C

boiling point of ethanol

100°C

boiling point of water

EXTRACTION

way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others; the mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble

SUBLIMATION

conversion between solid and gaseous phases of matter with no intermediate liquid stage; occurs when vapor pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure at the melting point

DEPOSITION

gas to solid

SUBLIMATION & DEPOSITION

used as purification technique

PURIFICATION TECHNIQUE

purifying solid mixtures

SUBLIMATE

solid product of the sublimation deposition cycle

BENZOIC ACID

is an example of a non-polar substance; held together by weak intermolecular forces

NON-POLAR SUBSTANCES

are symmetrical compounds that have high melting points and high vapor pressure

SYMMETRICAL COMPOUNDS

their origin and rotated state are indistinguishable

WEAK INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

bonds can be easily disturbed (can easily sublime --> converted to gas)

MELTING POINT

temperature at which as solid and liquid phase may coexist in equilibrium

0.5 - 1.0 °C

sharp and characteristic melting point of a pure, nonionic, crystalline organic compound; temperature sublimate starts to melt and temp when it completely melted

SUBLIMATION

to purify an organic substance (Benzoic acid)

MELTING POINT DETERMINATION

to determine the purity

RECRYSTALLIZATION

procedure of purifying impure compound in a solvent

FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION

another name for recrystallization

RECRYSTALLIZATION

the method of purification is based on the principle that the solubility of most solids increases with increased temperature

APPREANCE OF ACETANILIDE

white to gray, leaf/flake-like

ODOR OF ACETANILIDE

Odorless

BRAND NAME OF ACETANILIDE

Antifebrin

USES OF ACETANILIDE

has analgesic and fever-reducing properties

ADVERSE EFFECT OF ACETANILIDE

Methemoglobinemia, damage to liver and kidneys

METHEMOGLOBINEMIA

blood disorder where there is abnormal (more than 1%) amount of methemoglobin in the RBC; causes cardiac & neurologic problems; have a problem letting go (not enough oxygen go to tissue)

METHEMOGLOBIN

type of hemoglobin (used for carrying oxygen through the body)

MEANING OF APAP (ACETAMINOPHEN)

N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

ACETAMINOPHEN

more popularly known as Paracetamol

CHROMATOGRAPHY

analytical technique commonly used foe separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that individual components can be thoroughly analyzed

ELUENT

liquid that enters the column

ANALYTE

mixture whose components we want to separate and analyze

COLUMN

main apparatus used to perform column chromatography

STATIONARY PHASE

also known as adsorbent; substance that stays fix inside the column; polar substance

ADSORPTION

material adhere/sticks in another material

ABSORPTION

material takes in another material

MOBILE PHASE

also known as carrier; liquid that moves through the column; nonpolar substance

ELUATE

liquid that exits the column

ADSORPTION

property of how well as component in the mixture sticks to the stationary phase --> polar

SOLUBILITY

property of how well a component in the mixture dissolves in the mobile phase --> nonpolar

LIQUID COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Solid (Silica or alumina) •Mobile phase: Liquid •Basis of separation: Polarity of molecules •Notes: Glass column is packed with slurry of silica

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Solid (Silica or alumina) •Mobile phase: Liquid •Basis of separation: Polarity of molecules •Notes: Glass is coated with thin layer of silica on which is spotted the compound

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Solid (Cellulose) •Mobile phase: Liquid •Basis of separation: Polarity of molecules •Notes: Compound spotted directly on a cellulose paper

SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Solid (microporous beads of silica) •Mobile phase: Liquid •Basis of separation: Size of molecules •Notes: Small molecules get trapped in the pores of the stationary phase, while large molecules flow through the gaps between the beads and have very small retention times

ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Solid (cationic or anionic resin) •Mobile phase: Liquid •Basis of separation: Ionic charge of the molecules •Notes: Molecules possessing the opposite charge as the resin will bind tightly to the resin, and molecules having the same charge as the resin will flow through the column and elute out first.

AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Solid (agarose or porous glass beads on which are immobilized molecules like enzymes and antibodies) •Mobile phase: Liquid •Basis of separation: Binding affinity of the analyte molecule to the molecule immobilized on the stationary phase •Notes: If the molecule is a substrate for the enzyme, it will bind tightly to the enzyme and the unbound analytes will pass through in the mobile phase, and elute out of the column

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

•Stationary phase: Liquid or Solid support •Mobile phase: Gas (inert gas like Argon or Helium) •Basis of separation: Boiling point of the molecules •Notes: Samples are volatilized and the molecule with lowest boiling point comes out of the column first. The molecule with the highest boiling point comes out of the column last