Minerals and Vitamines - Animal Nutrition

Essential Elements

One that is required to support adequate growth, reproduction, and health throughout the life cycle when all other nutrients are optimal.

Electrochemical

1. Acid-base balance

   1. blood and intercellular pH

2. Membrane Permeability

3. Osmotic control of H2O

   1. NaK pumps

   2. promotes the migration of H2O and soluble substances into the tissue

4. Structural

   1. skeletal

   2. structural proteins —> incorporate minerals into them

2 forms of minerals

Inorganic - minerals in salt form

Organic - incorporated in some other molecules

Name the trace minerals

1. Copper (Cu)

2. Iron (Fe)

3. Selenium (Se)

4. Zinc (Zn)

5. Manganese (Mn)

6. Molybdenum (Mo)

7. Iodine (I)

8. Cobalt (Co)

Name 5 macro minerals discussed in class

1. Calcium (Ca)

2. Phosphorus (P)

3. Magnesium (Mg)

4. Sodium (Na)

5. Potassium (K)

6. Chloride (Cl)

7. Sulfur (S)

Sodium, Chloride, & Potassium

1. Electrolytes

2. Functions

   1. Osmolarity

   2. transmission of electrical signals

      1. action potential (NaK pump)

      2. muscle contractions/relaxation

3. Acid-base balance

   1. extracellular and intracellular buffering

   2. pH regulation

      1. Acidity is determined by the number of free hydrogen ions (protons) —> main molecules influence acid/base balance

4. Cation-Anion balance

   1. the sum of total cations (positively charged minerals) and anions (negatively charged minerals)

   2. Excess NaK are alkalogenic and increase blood pH —> more basic

   3. Cl and S are acidogenic and will reduce blood pH —> more acidic

White muscle disease

Vitamin E deficiency

Selenium deficiency

Symptoms - degeneration of tissues, calcium deposits give it a white color

Parturient paresis

Low blood calcium concentration

Symptoms - placid tetenum

Xerophthalmia

Vitamin A deficiency

Symptoms - dry eyes

“Goose Stepping”

Pantothenic acid deficiency

Symptoms - high stepping due to neurological pain

Spina Bifida

Folic acid deficiency

Symptoms - open wound to the spine

Parakeratosis

Zinc deficiency

Symptoms - flaky skin

Polioencephamalacia

Sulfur toxicity

Symptoms - head pressing, abnormal behavior

Goiter

Iodine deficiency and toxicity

Symptoms - thyroid enlargement

Alopecia

Biotin deficiency

Symptoms - sudden/rapid hair loss

Perosis

Niacin deficiency

Symptoms - slipping of tension on hook od chicken

Parturient Paresis - “Milk Fever”

Not a Ca deficiency - low blood calcium but not enough parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Symptoms - hypothermia

prevention - feed low Ca right before parturition

Calcium (Ca)

Deficiency

• Rickets (young)

• Osteomalacia (adults)

• Orthopedic problems

• Thin egg shells = decreased egg production

Toxicity

• Not very toxic

• may decrease absorption of Fe, Zn, Mg

Phosphorus (P)

Deficiency

• Rickets

• Osteomalacia

• Poor fertility

• Pica

Toxicity

• Big Head Disease - facial bones enlarged bc fibrous tissues invade area where Ca lost

• Urinary Calculi - Mostly a problem for male animals

Magnesium (Mg)

Deficiency

• Hyperirriabilty

• Convulsions

• Death

Toxicity

• may inhibit Ca absorption

Grass Tetany

Happens in spring or in places where grass grows fast

Symptoms - intermittent muscle cramps

Not a Mg deficiency - low blood Mg, lush pasture rich in potassium (K) (increase K = decrease Mg absorption)

Sulfur (S)

Deficiency

• decreased growth

• in sheep

  • need more S for wool growth

  • loss of wool

Toxicity

• decreased Cu absorption

• Polioencephalomalacia - decreased rumen motility, toxic to CNS, thiamin

Polioencephalomalacia

2 types

1. cow consumes S—>H2S … eructates the gases - breath gas = permanent brain damage - Not treatable

2. In the rumen H2S is converted into thiamin …due to high S in the gut this produces thiaminases which destroys thiamin causing thymine deficiency - can be treated with intrarumen shot of thiamin

Copper (Cu)

Deficiency

• Anemia - Fe and Cu compete for binding sites

• Cardiovascular disorders

• Bone abnormalities

• CNS disorders

• Decreased immune functions

• Lack of pigmentation in hair, wool, and skin

Toxicity

• Ruminants are less tolerant

• Liver failure

• Lysis of RBCs

Black liver disease

Sheep prone Cu toxicity

symptoms - death

Zinc (Zn)

Deficiency

• Decreased growth, reproduction, immune function

• Cu deficiencies

• Parakeratosis - skin flakes

Toxicity

• Decreased Cu & Ca absorption

• produces methionine

Manganese (Mn)

Deficiency

• decreased growth and reproduction

• bone abnormalities

Toxicity

• generally wide margin of safety - not notable toxic

Molybdenum (Mo)

Deficiency

• Chicks

  • reduced growth

  • decreased xanthine oxidase activity

    • superoxide —> H2O2 during uric acid formation

Toxicity

• Very toxic to birds and nonruminants (200-1000 ppm=toxic)

• Sheep and Cattle are most susceptible (20-100 ppm=toxic)

  • Results in server diarrhea, weight loss, and etc.

Iron (Fe)

Deficiency - most common human defieceiy

• Young animals

• Confined animals

• anemia not enough blood cells to bind O2

• decreased immune response

Toxicity

• hemato chromatosis - increased deposition of storage resulting in tissue damage

• decreased absorption of other minerals

Selenium (Se)

Deficiency

• White muscle disease - Vit. E def.

• Exudative diathesis - Leaky vessels

• Reduced immune response

Toxicity

• Alkali disease - liver and brain damage

• Blind staggers - occur very rapidly if consuming a very high amounts of Se

Iodine (I)

Deficiency

• Goiter - enlargement of thyroid glands

• Birth to hairless, weak, or dead young

• also caused by increased nitrate in the diet

Toxicity

• Goiter

Vitamin deficiency/toxicity

Deficiency - Hypovitaminosis

Toxicity - Hypervitaminosis

Vitamin A

Fat-Soluble Vitamin

Chemical form: Retinol

Deficiency

• Night blindness

• Xerophthalmia (dry eye)

• Keratomalacia (Softening of cornea)

• Rough hair, scaly skin

• Decreased growth, reproduction, immune function

Toxicity

• Bone abnormalities

• Impaired vision and motor functions

• Carotenemia

• Abnormal cell differentiation leading to:

  • Dry lips, nasal mucosa

  • Skin lesions, peeling of palms/soles, hair loss, nail fragility

  • Liver dysfunction

  • Thinning and fracture of long bones

  • Teratogenesis (especially in early pregnancy)

Vitamin D

Fat-Soluble Vitamin

Chemical form:

• Ergocalciferol (D2) - plant form

• Cholecalciferol (D3) - animal form

• 1,25-(OH)-D3 - final active form

Deficiency

• Rickets

• Osteomalacia

• Osteoporosis

• Loss of appetite/growth

Toxicity

• Increased blood Ca - can lead to heart attack

  • x-rays, most of the body looks like bones

• Calcification of soft tissue

• Headache

• Anorexia

Vitamin E

Fat-Soluble Vitamin

Chemical form:

• Tocopherol - better form

• Tocotrienol

Deficiency

• Encephalomacia - crazy chick syndrome

  • Brain lesions

• Myopathy

• White muscle disease

  • Selenium defiecency

    • degeneration of tissue

    • calcium salt deposits give a white color

    • loss of appetite/growth

Toxicity

• None

Vitamin K

Fat-Soluble Vitamin

Chemical forms:

• Menaquinone

• Phylloquinone

Deficiency

• Spontaneous bleeding in avian

• Sweet Clover Disease

  • Coumarin → impaired blood clotting

Toxicity

• None

Vitamin C

Water-Soluble Vitamin

Chemical form: Ascorbic acid

Deficiency

• Livestock -rare

• Scurvy

• Defects in bone, teeth, cartilage, connective tissue

• increased susceptibility to infection

Toxicity

• Indigestion

• Diarrhea

B Vitamin Complex

Water-Soluble Vitamin

Deficiency

• None (one case with energy drinks)

• Nonruminants is were we see the most

• Ruminants - rarely seen ( if seen its in young neo-natal ruminats)

• decreased appetite/growth

• muscle weakness

Toxicity

• None

Most B vitamins are not called B vitamins

Deficiencies:

• Thiamin (B1)

  • Polyneuritis

    • opisthotonos - “star gazing”

  • CNS dysfunction

  • rough coat

  • muscular weakness

  • reduced growth

• Riboflavin

  • most common in chickens

  • dermatological signs

  • curled toe paralysis

  • periodic otha…?

• Niacin

  • Pellgra - humans

    • The discovery of corn created this problem

  • Perosis - chickens

  • Decreased appetite/growth

• Panthothenic acid

  • reduced growth

  • “Goose-stepping” - nervous system dysfunction

    • walk like the floor is on fire

  • Achromotrichia

• Pyridoxine (B6)

  • not common

  • Dermatitis

  • CNS dysfunction

• Biotin

  • Dermatitis

  • Alopecia (hair loss)

• Cobalamin (B12)

  • Cyanocobalamin (other name)

  • Anemia

  • Peripheral neuropathy

    • numbness around hands

    • memory loss

    • dementia

• Folic acid

  • Reduced growth

  • Anemia

  • Spina bifida (main)

• Choline

  • not common

  • Abnormal cell structure

  • Fatty liver (mostly non-ruminants)