Exam 1- Pharmacy

what is a profession?

calling requiring specialized knowledge or long/intense schooling

what makes an occupation a profession?

extensive learning & entry standards

-degree

-NAPLEX exam (license)

what makes an occupation a profession?

service orientation & altruistic values

-serving best interest of patients

-not motivated primarily by economics/prestige

what makes an occupation a profession?

unique body of knowledge

-exclusive keeper of a body of knowledge

what makes an occupation a profession?

autonomy

-self-regulation and policing

—>state boards of pharmacy

—>development of professional practice standards

-independence and respectful collaboration

-pharmacist respects values and abilities of collegues

what makes an occupation a profession?

intellectual effort

-exercise judgment in the routine conduct of one’s work

—>maintain competence (life-long learning)

what makes an occupation a profession?

code of ethics

-APhA Code of Ethics of Pharmacists

what is professionalism?

active demonstration of the conduct, traits, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a professional person

6 tenants: what is altruism?

unselfishly commit to serving best interests of patients

6 tenants: what is honesty & integrity?

display of honesty and integrity in all professional settings

6 tenants: what is respect of others?

treat others the way you want and expect to be treated

6 tenants: what is professional presence?

establish trust through your professional presence

6 tenants: what is professional stewardship?

actively engage in school, participate in organizations and other worthwhile endeavors

6 tenants: what is dedication and commitment to excellence?

strive for excellence!

assume responsibility for your professional development

there are __ times as many physicians in practice than pharmacists

3

MDs are also known as ________ (must have post-graduate training)

allopathic

DOs are also known as _______ (could just do internship, but probably have to do psot-grad)

osteopathic

do physicians need to complete a residency

YES

what is a fellowship for in medical practice

sub-specialization

what are the 3 educational paths to be an RN

-BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing)

-DIPLOMA from hospital-based nursing program

-ASN (Associate of Science degree in Nursing)

regardless of degree or diploma, all RNs must pass ___________

state board licensure exam

exam does NOT differ based on previous education

number of baccalaureate degree-nursing is ________

INCREASING

number of associate degree-nursing is __________

DECREASING

what is independent prescriptive authority

ability to prescribe without limitation Rx and controlled drugs

what is the difference between independent and dependent prescribing

independent does NOT require collaboration with another licensed health professional

what is dependent prescribing

prescribing that must be supervised by another health professional

who has complete independent prescribing authority

PHYSICIANS (MD and DO)

who has independent prescribing authority ONLY within the scope of their practice

dentists, podiatrists, optometrists, veterinarians, and

some APNs/nurse practitioners

do psychiatrists have independent prescribing authority

YES (they are physicians)

do chiropractors have independent prescribing authority

NO

whether or not APNs have independent prescribing authority or not is ______ dependent

state

in most states physician assistants have ________ prescribing authority

dependent

pharmacists in some states have prescribing authority over things like…

oral contraceptives, tobacco cessations, immunizations, naloxone

which is more formal: collaborative practice agreement and collaborative pharmacy practice

collaborative practice agreement

what is a collaborative pharmacy agreement

FORMAL practice relationship between a pharmacist and another healthcare practitioner where pharmacists assume responsibility for specific patient care BEYOND their typical scope

what is a collaborative pharmacy practice

LESS FORMAL agreement that provides similar outcomes to CPAs

what was the rift between medicine and pharmacy in the mid-1800s

some pharmacists/apothacaries practiced diagnosis and prescribing (before they were only dispensing)

what was happening with medicine/pharmacy in the 1800s and early 1900s

there were minimal laws, loose regulations, and low quality ingredients

major change in medical education occurred in 1910 following the _______report

Flexner

what happened to the rift in the early 1900s

most physicians curtailed dispensing and druggists limited diagnosis (truce between med and pharm)

The Pure Food and Drug Act of ____

1906

what legislation was passed in 1906 that introduced penalties for misbranding and adulteration of food and drugs

Pure Food and Drug Act

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 introduced penalties for _______ and ______ of food and drugs

misbranding and adulteration

meaningful change did not occur until there were deaths attributed to ___________ that showed the need to establish drug safety before marketing

sulfanilamide

The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDC Act) of ____

1938

what legislation was passed in 1938 that required scientific testing of drug safety and prohibited false therapeutic claims

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 passed legislation that required ____________________ and prohibited ______________________

required scientific testing of drug safety

prohibited false therapeutic claims

can pharmacists still dispense drinking alcohol for medicinal purposes upon prescription order

YES

the 1951 Durham-Humphrey amedment created what

created prescription only status for certain drug products

what 1951 amendment created prescription only status for certain drug products

Durham-Humphrey amendment

what year was the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) code of ethics initiated

1952

the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) initiated a ________________ in 1952

code of ethics

what did the APhA code of ethics initiated in 1952 prohibit

pharmacists could not discuss therapeutic effects of drugs with their patients

the pharmacist code of ethics was REVISED in what year

1969

the 1969 code of ethics REVISION eliminated what

eliminated law against discussing therapeutic effects