CRJ 164 - Final Exam - (Exams 1-4)

Which of the following statements is true about substantive criminal law?

It deals with those elements that describe and define a crime

Procedural law deals with all of the following except\_________

Elements of a crime

In the context of the Bill of Rights, which of the following statements is true about Amendment X?

It recognizes that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

In which Amendment of the Bill of Rights is the due process clause found?

The Fifth Amendment

Which of the following protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures?

The Fourth Amendment

The ingredients of an arrest include all of the following except\______

Force

\____________is a temporary and limited interference with the freedom of a person for investigative purposes

Detention

The "stop-question-and-frisk" program as built around the landmark 1968 court cases of\__________, in which the Supreme Court granted approval to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest to search for weapons

Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York

A judicial order commanding a person to whom it is issued or some other person to bring a person promptly before a court to answer a criminal charge is:

An arrest warrant

Which of the following is not usually required to be in the contents of a valid arrest warrant?

The authority to search the person arrested

A written statement of the information known to the officer that serves as the basis for the issuance of a warrant is:

An affidavit

\__________is defined as suspicion plus facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person exercising ordinary caution to believe that a crime has been, is being, or is about to be committed

Probable cause

Which of the following can be used to establish probable cause?

Personal knowledge of the investigator

Circumventing the intent of Weeks v. U.S., whereby federal officers received illegally obtained evidence from state officers and used it in federal court was referred to as

The "Silver Platter" Doctrine

Which of the following is not an exception to the legal requirement of having a warrant to conduct a search and seizure?

Incident to an unlawful arrest

The\______________exception recognizes that a warrantless entry by law enforcement officials may be legal when there is a compelling need for official action and no time to get a warrant.

Exigent circumstances

A warrant to search must be based upon\________

Probable cause

The landmark Supreme Court ruling that allows stop and frisk procedures is\___________

Terry v. Ohio

A felony is an act usually punishable by imprisonment for:

A term of one or more years, or death

A misdemeanor is a lesser offense that may be punishable by:

A fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500 and/or imprisonment for no more than a year

The actions taken by the first officer to arrive at the scene of a crime after its detection and reporting are collectively termed the "\_________"

Preliminary investigation

A(n)\___________is the police effort expended after the initial incident report is completed until the case is ready for prosecution

Follow-up investigation

If there is a chance the victim may die, the investigator should always get\________

A dying declaration

Which of the following is a step involved in a preliminary investigation?

Securing the crime scene and evidence

Which of the following terms is defined as a systematic approach to interviewing residents, merchants, and others who were in the immediate vicinity of a crime and may have useful information?

Neighborhood canvass

Identify the three major functions to be executed at the scene of a crime

Overall coordination, forensic science, investigative services

Identify the three basic methods of documenting a crime scene

Videography, digital still photography, and sketching and mapping

At a crime scene, if there are no satisfactory options in causing or allowing the contamination or destruction of evidence, saving the victim's life has a higher value than preserving physical evidence

True

The chain of custody is the witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who had the evidence when.

True

The primary crime scene is the location where the initial offense was committed, whereas the locations of all subsequent connected events are secondary scenes

True

Which of the following would constitute a basis for assigning a "cleared by exceptional means" classification to a case?

The suspect is known to the police, but the victim refuses to cooperate with the prosecution

Which of the following is not one of the four commonly recognized objectives in the interrogation process?

To identify the innocent

Once witnesses have been identified, they should be separated from one another and, as much as possible, isolated from other people who may be nearby. Why?

To prevent witnesses from seeing or hearing irrelevant matters that may taint their actual knowledge

As a rule, cold, sleepy, hungry, or physically uncomfortable, or intoxicated people prove to be:

Unsatisfactory witnesses

Which of the following is a good characteristic of a traditional interrogation room?

The room should be sparsely furnished

When conducting an interrogation, the interrogator should:

Ensure that few or no objects are present between them and the suspect

The term\________refers to a witnes's personal qualifications for tesifting in court

Competency

Identify a true statement about the competency of a witness

It must be established before a witness is permitted to give any testimony

Which of the following factors influences a person's ability to give a complete account of an event or to identify people accurately?

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following is the best form of documenting an interview?

Electronic sound recording or sound-and-visual recording

Which of the following constitutional guarantees is addressed in the Escobedo and Miranda cases?

Right to counsel and self-incrimination

Which of the following is a right contained in the Miranda decision?

All of the answers are correct

What are the possible responses when a suspect is asked if they wish to talk to the police?

All of the answers are correct

It is important for an investigator to create a(n)\________for the witnesses and suspects that they are questioning

Comfort zone

Which of the following should be routinely recorded in a report?

All of the answers are correct

Which of the following are guidelines for officers writing incident reports?

All of the answers are correct

Law enforcement policies often state that certain types of crime must be reported to the appropriate investigative unit supervisor for determination whether a detective will be sent to the scene. Which of the following is an example of a crime that requires notification of the supervisor of the appropriate investigative unit?

All of the answers are correct

Field notes can be used to defend the accuracy and integrity of an incident report by showing a link between the field notes and the content of the report

True

Assume a person was present at a crime scene but left before the responding officer arrived. The officer should gather information about that person, such as what period was the person present, what did the person say or do while there, what relationship the person has with the victim or suspect, and did the suspect leave or take anything from the scene

True

When taking field notes, an officer can use nonverbal cues to encourage a person to continue speaking

True

Which of the following is included in the investigative solvability factors?

All of the above

Determining whether suspected criminal activity exists, obtaining probable cause for a search warrant, and preventing crime by allowing suspects to become aware they are being closely watched are all considered effective uses of\_______

Surveillance

Which of the following statements is true about casual surveillance?

It includes taking note of cars present, persons seen, and so forth each time an officer happens to drive by the surveillance area

The gathering and reporting of the raw information that is needed to produce finished intelligence is called\_________

Collection

The same type of crime being committed over a short period of time, probably by the same offender, is referred to as a\_________

Series

Geographic profiling is an investigative strategy that uses the locations of a series of crimes to determine the most probable area of the\_________

Offender's residence

The police have been quick to use the Internet for:

All of the answers are correct

How many photographs are usually in a photo array/photo lineup?

6

Which is an accurate statement about a "live lineup?"

The suspect should be allowed to pick the order in which he/she appears

Which is an example of a crimogen?

A convenience store operator who reports gas drive-offs, shoplifting, robberies, assaults, and thefts of entire ATM machines

Whereas the surveillance is thought of as "following," it actually means the continued observance, both overt and covert, of people, places, and things to obtain information of investigative significance

True

A live lineup is a process in which a series of "real people" are shown to an eyewitness to establish whether he or she can pick out the suspect

True

Robbery is a face-to-face confrontation between the victim and the perpetrator. Why is it then that many times witnesses are unable to provide much descriptive information about the perpetrator?

The witnesses are often upset and may have seen the perpetrator only briefly

Which of the following statements is true about robbery?

The property taken in a robbery must be taken illegally by the robber

In the context of the three styles of robberies, a prime example of the \_______ is a robbery in which victims are physically overpowered by sudden, crude force and in which "scores" are generally small.

Ambush

Which of the following statements is true?

A primary tactical objective of an officer responding to a robbery-in-progress call is perpetrator apprehension

Identify the three styles of robbery?

Ambush, selective raid, and planned operation

The\______is a style of robbery that involves no planning and depends almost entirely on the element of surprise

Ambush

A minimal amount of casual planning is indicative of the\________

Selective raid

Youthful robbers are particularly likely to commit strong-armed robberies-also referred to as\____________-in which no weapons are involved and in which they suddenly physically attack and beat the victim, taking cash, jewelry, wallets, purses, and other valuables

Muggings

Which of the following statements is true about home-invasion robberies?

They typically target the person

In the context of the three styles of robberies, which of the following is a characteristic of the planned operation?

Scores are usually larger than the ambush and the selective raid

What is the main purpose of a greeter at a bank?

To welcome customers and reduce the anonymity of a would-be robber.

Which of the following is the purpose of running a file check on robbery victims?

To see if they have a history of making criminal complaints

Due to its personal and often violent nature, robbery is one of the crimes most feared by the public, a fear that may be heightened by perceptions of police inability to deal effectively with robberies

True

Taxicab drivers and convenience-store personnel in particular are easy targets for robbery, because they often work alone at all hours of the day and night, with minimal or no protection from robbers, and a large part of the business they conduct is on a cash basis

True

The objective of the confrontation between a robber and a victim is to get the victim's immediate compliance

True

Home-invasion robberies typically target those residences wherein the suspect believes there is a lot of "loot"

False

Convenience-store workers are among the occupational groups having the lowest risk for workplace violence

False

Which of the following is a purpose of a sting operation?

All of the answers are correct

Most residential burglaries are characterized by entry through\_____

A door

Amateur burglars often operate on the basis of\_____

Impulse

\_________Burglaries occur when offenders select a target and quickly strike because they perceived that some type of immediate opportunity exists

Opportunistic

In\___________burglaries, the actual purpose of the burglaries is to instill fear in the victim and display the offender's power over him/her

Interpersonal

In most states, breaking into cars, recreational vehicles, and trailers constitutes burglary. Which categories of burglars tend to target these vehicles?

Juveniles

Which of the following will help homeowners reduce the risk of residential burglary?

All of the answers are correct

Seeing lockpicking tools in plain view in the backseat of a car stopped for a traffic charge cannot be taken as evidence of intent to commit a burglary

True

The weight or dimensions of property taken in a burglary may suggest the number of people involved in the offense

True

Which of the following is an example of tangible personal property?

Jewelry

The primary federal agency responsible for investigating counterfeiting is the\________

Secret Service

The unauthorized use of another's credit card, using someone else's medical insurance card or Social Security number to get benefits are examples of\___________

Theft by fraud

Which of the following terms refer to the problem of significant losses to retailers caused by crews or rings of often mobile professional shoplifters?

Organized retail theft (ORT)

In the context of the five categories of shoplifters, identify a true statement about kleptomaniacs

They have a psychological compulsion to steal

There are five types of shoplifters. Which of the following is not one of those types?

Thrill seekers

Scamming victims out of personal information on the Internet is accomplished by a technique known as \_____

Phishing

Once armed with enough stolen personal identification data, the process of identity theft is executed and follow-on crimes are committed. What term refers to the practice of the thief calling credit card companies, asking them to change the address "your" bill is mailed to and quickly running up charges on accounts?

Account takeover

A person who opens accounts at several banks, knowingly, issues a check that overdraws their account at bank 1, and then deposits a check in that account from their bank 2 account to cover the first worthless check is a \_________

Check kiter

Tangible property means things that have both a physical existence that can be touched and intrinsic value, whereas intangible property has value, but is more abstract

True

Amateur shoplifters operate in a very smooth manner and are the most difficult to detect

False

Identity theft, which began to emerge as a problem in the 1990s, has been called the "crime of the new millennium"

True