CCNA 200-301

What is the primary purpose of a VLAN?

To create a broadcast domain; enable segmentation or isolation of broadcast traffic

Unassigned Cisco switch ports remain in which VLAN?

VLAN 1

Do VLANs prevent broadcast storms?

No, they minimize the size and effect of the broadcast storm on neighbor switches and hosts

What are four advantages to using VLANs?

1. Enable access to network services based on logical requirements 2. Network security is optimized with VLANs that enable managing and filtering sensitive traffic from other network traffic 3. Bandwidth efficiency is accomplished through segmenting traffic into smaller broadcast domains 4. Easier add/move/delete administration of endpoints on a network and scalability for larger enterprise deployments

What is the Layer 2 Broadcast Destination Address?

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

What is the Layer 3 Broadcast Destination Address?

255.255.255.255

What is VLAN 1 used for and can it be deleted?

Management Traffic; it cannot be deleted

What is the normal VLAN range?

VLAN 2 - 1001

What is the extended VLAN range?

VLAN 1006 - 4094

What VLANs are auto-created and cannot be deleted?

VLAN 1, 1002 - 1005

What VLANs cannot be pruned from a trunk?

VLAN 1006 - 4094

How many VLANs can be assigned to a switch access port?

Only one VLAN unless you are connecting an IP phone

What commands would you use to setup a switch access port with an IP phone?

interface

Where is the switch VLAN configuration stored?

vlan.dat file

What commands would you use to globally create and name a VLAN?

vlan # name

What is the default switch port mode?

Access port

What will switch access ports do with am Ethernet frame it receives with an 802.1q tag?

It will discard the packet without learning the source MAC address

What command would you use to configure a range of switch ports?

interface range gigabitethernet#/# - #

What command lists all VLANs configured on a switch?

show vlan or show vlan brief

What command is used to display the switch ports assigned to a single VLAN?

show vlan id

When are data messages forwarded to the default gateway?

When the destination subnet is on a different subnet than the endpoint

Does the Cisco default switch configuration have an IP default gateway?

No

What command is used to create an IP default gateway?

ip default-gateway

What is the primary purpose of a switch?

To make forwarding decisions based on destination MAC address

List the network services provided by switches

- Only read Ethernet frame headers and forward traffic - Create and maintain the MAC address table - Create separate collision domains per switch port - Create separate broadcast domains per VLAN

What method was used for detecting Ethernet collisions on older hubs and bridges?

Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

How many separate MAC address table does a switch create?

A switch creates a separate MAC address table for each configured VLAN

What command lists the contents of the MAC address table for a switch?

show mac address-table

When does a switch begin MAC address learning?

When a switch is first started and connected hosts start sending frames? Also triggered when the aging time expires for an address

What is the default time that a switch removes MAC address table entries?

300 seconds

How do you disable MAC address table aging?

Configure the MAC aging timer to zero

What are the steps when a host sends data to a server on the same VLAN for the first time?

1. Switch adds the source MAC address of incoming frame if it is not listed in the MAC address table 2. Switch does a MAC address table lookup for the destination MAC address 3. Switch floods a frame using FFFF.FFFF.FFFF as destination MAC address out all switch ports except the port where the source MAC address was learned 4. Server wit the assigned MAC address responds with a frame that lists the MAC address 5. Switch updates the MAC address table with the MAC address of the server; That is the destination MAC address for frames sent from the host 6. Switch forwards the frames from the host to the server based on the switch port assigned to the server

What is Cut-Through Switching?

It is a technique that optimizes performance by examing only the first 6 bytes (destination MAC address) of an Ethernet frame before making a forwarding decision. The switch does a MAC address table lookup for the destination MAC address and forwards the frame.

What is the advantage of Cut-Through Switching?

The forwarding decision is made before all of the frame arrives and thereby minimizes latency

What is Store-and-Forward Switching?

Traditional switching where the frame is not forwarded until all of the frame has arrived. The switch copies the frame to memory before examining the destination MAC address and forwarding the frame.

What is CEF?

Cisco Express Forwarding: Layer 3 switching technique that creates FIB and adjacency tables for optimized forwarding. It is only available on routers and switch platforms with routing enabled and the required hardware

What is an FIB?

Forwarding Information Base: Used by CEF to mae IP destination prefix-based switching decisions. Conceptually similar to a routing table or information base. It maintains a mirror image of the forwarding information contained in the IP routing table.

Which devices can perform frame rewrite?

Layer 3 switches and Wireless LAN Controllers

Which devices perform frame switching?

Layer 2 switches and Access Points

What are the duplex and speed default settings on a switch port?

auto-negotiation

What is the purpose of a switch trunk?

To forward multiple VLANs between switches

What command enables trunking on an interface?

switchport mode trunk encapsulation dot1q

What does the native VLAN forward?

Control traffic across switch trunks

Why is it recommended to change the native VLAN?

This is a Cisco security best practice as there are security vulnerabilities associated with default VLAN 1; STP issues are minimized as well by selecting a nondefault VLAN instead of VLAN 1

What command changes the native VLAN?

switchport trunk native vlan

What is the purpose of VLAN pruning?

To permit or deny VLANs across a switch trunk

What is the Cisco default for VLAN pruning

To allow all VLANs across the trunk

What command sets a range of VLANs to an interface?

switchport trunk allowed vlan

What are the three modes of DTP?

nonegotiate, desirable, auto

Is DTP enabled by default on switch ports?

Yes

What does a switch port configured with desirable mode do?

Actively sends DTP frames to negotiate trunk with neighbor switch

What is the operation of switchport mode access?

Access port only (no trunk) - only one VLAN, two if you include a Voice VLAN

What is the operation of switchport mode trunk?

Trunk statically formed and no DTP frames sent

What is the operation of switchport mode dynamic auto?

Listens for DTP requests

What is the operation of switchport mode dynamic desirable?

Listens and sends DTP requests

What is the operation of switchport nonegotiate?

Disables DTP

What intervals are DTP frames sent?

One second intervals during negotiation and every 30 seconds after that

DTP auto mode - auto mode

Default, results in no trunk

DTP auto mode - desirable mode

Trunk negotiated

DTP desirable mode - desirable mode

Trunk negotiated

What does EtherChannel do?

Bundles multiple physical switch links between switches into a single logical link.

What is EtherChannel also referred as?

Switch Port Aggregation

What are the advantages of EtherChannels?

Fault tolerance (redundancy) and high speed connectivity between switches

What is the maximum number of ports Cisco switches support to a single EtherChannel bundle?

8 ports

What is the maximum number of ports LACP supports to a single EtherChannel bundle?

16 ports, however only 8 ports can be active simultaneously

What is LACP?

Link Aggregation Control Protocol, within the IEEE specification, provides a method of control the bundling of several physical ports together to form a single logical channel. It allows a network device to negotiate an automatic bundling of links by sending LACP packets to the peer

What are the options for configuring an EtherChannel?

Static or Dynamic Protocols

What is the difference between static and dynamic EtherChannel configurations?

Static does not provide any dynamic trunk negotiation

What are the four supported modes of LACP?

On, off, active, and passive

What does the channel-group bind?

The port channel interface to an EtherChannel

What is a Layer 2 port channel?

Logical interface comprised of EtherChannel access ports or trunk ports

How is the Layer 2 port channel created?

It is created automatically based on the channel-group number

What are the supported channel-group numbers?

1 - 4096

What is a Layer 3 port channel?

Routed logical interface comprised of EtherChannel access ports or trunk ports

What is Active mode in LACP?

The active end of the group sends out a LACP frame and initiates the negotiation to form the EtherChannel. Both ends could be active and the result will be the same

What is Passive mode in LACP?

Does not initiate the negotiation, it just responds to LACP packets initiated by the other end. If both ends are passive, the EtherChannel would bot be formed

What is PAgP?

Port Aggregation Protocol: Cisco proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, logical aggregation of Ethernet switch ports

What is the default mode for LACP?

Passive Mode

What is the default mode for PAgP?

Auto Mode

What layer of the TCP/IP model does HTTP belong?

Application Layer

What layer of the TCP/IP model does POP3 belong?

Application Layer

What layer of the TCP/IP model does SMTP belong?

Application Layer

What layer of the TCP/IP model does TCP and UDP belong?

Transport Layer

What layer of the TCP/IP model does ICMP belong?

Internet Layer

What does the Application Layer define?

Does not define the applications itself, but it defines services that applications need. The Application Layer provides an interface between software running on a computer and the network itself.

What does the return code 200 mean in an HTTP header?

OK

What does the return code 404 mean in an HTTP header?

Not found

What layers of the OSI model do not exist in the current TCP/IP model?

Session and Presentation Layers (5 and 6)

What standard is 802.3?

Ethernet

In an Informal IEEE Standard Name, what does the T stand for (example: 1000BASE-T)?

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

In an informal IEEE Standard Name, what does the X stand for (example: 1000BASE-LX)?

Fiber

What is the Formal IEEE Name, Speed, Informal IEEE Name of Ethernet?

802.3 - 10 Mbps - 10BASE-T

What is the Formal IEEE Name, Speed, Informal IEEE Name of Fast Ethernet?

802.3u - 100 Mbps - 100BASE-T

What is the Formal IEEE Name, Speed, Informal IEEE Name of Gigabit Ethernet over UTP?

802.3ab - 1000 Mbps - 1000BASE-T

What is the Formal IEEE Name, Speed, Informal IEEE Name of Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber?

802.3z - 1000 Mbps - 1000BASE-LX

What is the Formal IEEE Name, Speed, Informal IEEE Name of 10 Gigabit Ethernet over UTP?

802.3an - 10 Gbps - 10GBASE-T

What does the twisting of the wires in a UTP cable help solve?

Helps cancel out most of the EMI crosstalk between the wires

How many pairs does the 1000BASE-T require?

4 pairs

What is a Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter (GBIC)?

Original form factor for a removable transceiver for Gigabit interfaces; larger than SFPs

What is a Small Form Pluggable (SFP)?

Replacement for GBICs, used on Gigabit interfaces, with a smaller size, taking less space on the side of the networking card or switch