bio9 exam 1

If an object were collected on Mars by the rover Curiosity, it would be considered a living organism if it ________.

• responded to environmental stimuli

• Has metabolic activities and maintained homeostasis

• contained DNA and reproduced

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living things?

They are composed of multiple cells.

You are classifying an organism and trying to determine to which domain it belongs. The organism is unicellular and was isolated from a very unusual environment. This organism probably belongs in which domain?

Archaea

A scientist discovers an unidentified organism that is composed of multiple cells and has a membrane‐bound nucleus. Of the choices listed, the most likely classification would be ________.

Fungi

Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are called ________ because they lack a nucleus and internal compartments.

prokaryotes

Which of the following types of organisms are not composed of eukaryotic cells?

Bacteria

Cells that possess a nucleus and a membrane system that establishes internal compartments belong in which of the following groups?

Eukaryotes

Which of the following levels of organization would a single‐celled organism be excluded from?

Tissue

How does a population differ from an ecosystem?

A population consists of all living organisms in the area, whereas an ecosystem consists of all living and nonliving aspects of an area.

Living organisms are members of all of the levels listed; however, rocks are components of

The ecosystem

Humans belong to which of the following domains?

Eukarya

Which statement is incorrect?
A) Only living things contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
B) Only living things are composed of cells.
C) Only living things can grow.
D) Only living things maintain homeostasis.

A) Only living things contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

"An athlete who uses dietary supplements will perform better than one who doesn't." This statement would be an example of which of the following?

Hypothesis

Researchers testing new drugs usually give the drug to one group of people and give placebos, "sugar pills," to another group. The group receiving the placebo ________.

is the control group

Which process used to solve problems in science involves accumulating facts through observation until the evidence leads to a general statement about nature?

Inductive reasoning

In a double‐blind experiment, ________.

• participants are randomly assigned to a control or experimental group

• the participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control groups because of the use of placebos

• the researchers are unaware of which participants are in the experimental and control groups

The term ________ variable refers to one of two variables involved in an experiment, in which neither variable can be isolated as having an effect.

Confounding

During phase I clinical trials, a new drug is tested ________.

on fewer than 100 human volunteers

Humans are members of each of the following classification groups EXCEPT

Archae

Humans share the characteristics of opposable thumbs, forward‐looking eyes, and a well‐developed brain with other

Primates

When discussing science, which of the following has the MOST amount of certainty associated with it?

Theory

A pharmaceutical company tested a new drug to relieve arthritis. Some of the subjects received a red and pink capsule with the drug while others received a red and pink capsule with filler and no drug. Those receiving the drug are called the ____________ group while the subjects receiving the placebo are called the ____________ group.
A) affected, unaffected
B) control, experimental
C) hypothetical, theoretical
D) experimental, control

D) experimental, control

For the hypothesis “Drinking ginger tea is an effective treatment for nausea,” which of the following is a prediction based on the hypothesis?

• A) People who drink ginger tea recover from nausea more quickly than people who do not.
  B) Drinking ginger tea causes vomiting.
  C) The bacteria responsible for nausea cannot live in ginger tea.
  D) People who drink ginger tea feel healthier than people who do not drink ginger tea.

• A) People who drink ginger tea recover from nausea more quickly than people who do not.

A double blind experiment is when

neither the subjects nor the administrators know which group is receiving the treatment.

When conducting an experiment to determine the effectiveness of a new drug, the experimental and control groups should be nearly identical except for

The variable being tested

A neutral atom must contain ________

An equal number of protons and electrons

An element with more or fewer neutrons than the same element as it appears on the periodic table is known as which of the following?

Isotope

Water has very special properties that not all chemical share. Which of the following is not a property of water?

Nonpolar

You have information about a particle that contains 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. Which of the following statements would be true?

• A) It has an atomic weight of 23.
  B) It is an ion.
  C) It has 8 electrons in its outermost shell.
  D) It has an atomic number of 15.

B) It is an ion.

Oxygen, with an atomic number of 8, is a neutral atom and has ________ electrons in the first electron shell and ________ electrons in the second electron shell.

2; 6

The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) turns into one Mg²⁺ and two Cl⁻ when placed in water. You can guess that the Mg and Cl atoms are held together normally by a(n) ________ bond.

Ionic

The Cl ion has a single negative charge and the atomic number of 17. How many electrons are on its innermost shell?

2

• Which of the following monomers is not paired correctly?
  A) glucose‑carbohydrates
  B) amino acids‑proteins
  C) nucleotides‑nucleic acids
  D) All of these are paired properly

D) All of these are paired properly

In what ways are hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds similar?

Both are based on attraction between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.

What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons, whereas ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

The interaction between two polar molecules would involve ________.

Hydrogen bonds

A substance consists of weak acids or bases designed to maintain a specific pH of a solution within a cell or a biological system. Which of the following describes this substance?

Buffer

The pH scale measures ________.

H⁺ concentration

Any substance that when dissolved in water will give off H⁺ ions is referred to as a(n) ________.

Acid

A substance in which other substances are dissolved is known as a(n) ________.

Solvent

Your roommate is experiencing heartburn and asks you to purchase her an antacid. Chemically speaking, how do you know that the antacid will help eliminate her pain?

It has a low H⁺ concentration to increase the pH in her digestive tract.

1. If I tested your intestinal fluid and found that it was basic, which of the pH values listed would best describe this solution?
   A) 6.8
   B) 3.2
   C) 1.2
   D) 8.0

D) 8.0

• A molecule consists of a long chain of glucose monomers linked by covalent bonds and serves as an energy source for plants and animals.

polysaccharide

Which of the following carbohydrates is made by plants and is not digested by humans?

Cellulose

Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with ________.

Hydrogen

Covalent bonds

Involve sharing electrons

On the pH scale, where can you find very strong acids and very strong bases?

Either ends of ph scale

Enzymes are biologically important because they

Catalyze or speed up metabolic reactions

Buffer

Resists or prevents changes in pH

Lipid soluble molecule

generally diffuse freely through the cell membrane.

The chemical pathway whereby cells break down glucose in the presence of O₂ to produce CO₂, water and energy is

Cellular respiration

Proteins are considered the worker molecules of the body. Which of the following is a function of proteins?

• A) Proteins in cell membranes function in transport and communication.
  B) Protein fibers provide strength and resilience to connective and muscle tissues.
  C) Proteins are involved in muscle contraction.
  D) All the above are functions of proteins.

D) All the above are functions of proteins.

Muscle soreness following depletion of oxygen during strenuous exercise is in part due to a buildup of

Lactic Acid

Which of the following is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Ribosome

If natural selection would select against organisms with a nucleus, which one of the following organisms would survive and evolve?

Archaea

You find a strange infection in your mouth and visit your dentist. The dentist said the new organism was prokaryotic because it had ________

Circular DNA

The Mars rover Curiosity finds a living organism on the red planet. Scientists would know that it is eukaryotic and not prokaryotic if

has membrane‑bound organelles

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached can be described as ________.

Osmosis

A form of diffusion in which the molecules pass through a protein instead of between the phospholipids is called ________.

Facilitated diffusion

Which of these processes brings into the cell large macromolecules and particles by the formation of a vesicle in the outer membrane?

endocytosis

Microfilaments are made of ________.

Actin

Cilia and flagella are both made of ________.

Tubulin

Which of these is most abundant in the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids

Calcium ions are normally in higher concentrations outside most living cells than within cells. Which of the following processes is most likely responsible for this condition?

Active transport

If a liver cell were to be placed in a beaker with a solution containing the same solute concentration as that found inside the cell, we would say that the beaker contained a(n) ________ solution.

Isotonic

You have a bacterial infection. Your immune system will be able to distinguish this foreign invader from other cells by ________.

identifying glycoproteins on the plasma membrane

When bacteria appear in tissues, a type of large cell engulfs and destroys them. Which process are these cells using to engulf the bacteria?

phagocytosis

Which of the following is a membranous organelle that chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell?

Golgi complex

Most of the energy used by the cell is converted to ATP in ________.

Mitochondria

Heart muscle works hard and therefore consumes much ATP. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in the heart muscle cells?

Mitochondria

1. Which of the following is not a membrane‑bound organelle?
   A) mitochondrion
   B) cytoskeleton
   C) nucleus
   D) endoplasmic reticulum

B) cytoskeleton

Which of the following is present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Organelles

Transport proteins in the cell membrane are required for

Active transport and Facilitated Diffusion

movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration?

Ósmosis

Which of the following is a membranous organelle that chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell?

Golgi complex or apparatus

These skin cells fight infections: ________.

macrophages

A group of organs in the body that have a common function make up a(n) ________.

Organ system

Specialized cells found at the base of the epidermis that produce pigments that help give skin its color are called ________.

melanocytes

The inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles is called the ________.

Dermis

The sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles produce ________

Sebum

Which membranes line the passageways that open to the exterior of the body, including those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems in the body?

Mucous

Which structure containing dense connective tissue is found in the skin?

Dermis

what tissues covers the body surfaces, lines the body cavities and organs, and forms glands?

Epithelial

Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones are called

Endocrine

These epithelial cells function in secretion or absorption and are found in many glands and in the kidney tubules:

Cuboidal

Which of the following contains the most cells?

Tissue

Which layer lacks blood vessels?

Epidermis

1. Nutrients reach cells in the epidermis by ________.
   A) moving out of dermal blood vessels and diffusing through tissue fluid to the epidermis
   B) moving out of blood vessels in the epidermis
   C) moving out of blood vessels that originate in the hypodermis and extend into the epidermis
   D) All of the above are true.

D) All of the above are true.

Where would you find smooth muscle tissue in your body?

In the walls of your stomach

The ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as:

Homeostasis

Which of the following types of skin damage are the most superficial?

First degree burns

The dark chemical that accumulates in the skin after exposure to the sun is called ________.

Melanin

A person using a very effective sunscreen would be less likely to make which vitamin within his or her body?

Vitamin D

Function of adipose tissue?

Stores energy, insulates, and protects organs

Which of the following substances in the skin is responsible for protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays?

Melanin

Carbohydrates

Supply our cell with energy

The innermost lining of the gastrointestinal tract is the ________.

Mucosa

These sharply pointed teeth on the sides of the mouth tear food.

Canines

Infection with Helicobacter pylori can cause ________

Peptic ulcers

If a person were unable to produce much of this substance, the gastric juices might destroy the stomach lining.

Mucus