ANTH 101 Test 1 Virginia Estabrook

What is Anthropology?

The study of humans as group members.

What are the four subfields of Anthropology?

Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology, Biological Anthropology.

What is Cultural Anthropology?

The study of human societies and behaviors.

What is Linguistic Anthropology?

The study of language, including structure, evolution, and social context.

What is Archaeology?

The study of human evolution and variation.

What is Cultural Relativism?

Understanding beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of the culture itself.

What is Ethnocentrism?

Judging another culture based on one's own cultural values.

What is Emic Perspective?

An insider’s view of a culture.

What is Etic Perspective?

An outsider’s view of a culture.

What are the three parts of culture?

Cognition (thoughts & values), Behavior (actions), Artifacts (material culture).

What is Empirical Evidence?

Information verified by observation or experience rather than theory.

What is a Hypothesis?

A testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.

What is a Scientific Theory?

A hypothesis that has withstood rigorous testing but can still be falsified.

Can theories be proven true?

No, theories can only be falsified.

What is Hippocrates known for?

Studying diseases based on environmental and lifestyle factors.

What is Aristotle’s contribution?

Introduced the concept of species and the "Great Chain of Being."

What is Andreas Vesalius known for?

Renaissance anatomist who illustrated human cadavers.

What is James Hutton’s key idea?

Uniformitarianism – Earth changes through slow, natural processes.

What did Robert Hooke discover?

Fossils were once-living organisms; coined the term "cell."

What was Georges Cuvier’s main idea?

Catastrophism – Earth’s history shaped by sudden events.

What is Carolus Linnaeus known for?

Binomial nomenclature (taxonomy system for classifying species).

What did Thomas Malthus theorize?

Populations grow faster than resources, leading to competition.

What is Charles Darwin famous for?

Theory of natural selection.

What did Alfred Russel Wallace contribute?

Co-developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

What was Gregor Mendel’s key discovery?

Hereditary principles through pea plant experiments.

What did Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick discover?

The double-helix structure of DNA.

What are the four forces of evolution?

Mutation, Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, Gene Flow.

What is Mutation?

The only source of new genetic variation in a population.

What is Natural Selection?

Favorable traits increase survival and reproduction.

What is Genetic Drift?

Random changes in allele frequency, often due to chance events.

What is Gene Flow?

Transfer of genes between populations, reducing genetic differences.

What are the two methods for studying non-human primates?

Fieldwork (natural setting) and Captive Studies (zoos/labs).

What are the advantages of fieldwork?

Provides natural behaviors but is expensive and time-consuming.

What are the advantages of captive studies?

Controlled environment but behavior may not be fully natural.

What is Habituation?

Getting primates used to human presence.

What are the four major types of non-human primates?

Prosimians, Platyrrhines, Cercopithecoids, Hominoids.

What are key characteristics of Prosimians?

Small, nocturnal, strong reliance on smell (e.g., lemurs).

What are key characteristics of Platyrrhines?

New World monkeys, prehensile tails, flat noses (e.g., spider monkeys).

What are key characteristics of Cercopithecoids?

Old World monkeys, large social groups, non-prehensile tails (e.g., baboons).

What are key characteristics of Hominoids?

Apes & humans, no tails, high intelligence, complex social behavior.

How did Geology contribute to Darwin’s & Wallace’s ideas?

Showed Earth was much older than previously thought (Hutton & Lyell).

How did Paleontology contribute?

Showed extinct species and gradual changes over time (Cuvier & Lamarck).

How did Taxonomy contribute?

Showed relationships between species (Linnaeus).

How did Demography contribute?

Malthus' idea of limited resources influencing survival and competition.

What is Phylogeny?

An evolutionary tree showing relatedness between species.

What is the difference between Analogous and Homologous traits?

Analogous traits result from convergent evolution, homologous traits come from common ancestors.

What is N.A.G.P.R.A.?

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act – ensures Native American remains are returned to descendant tribes.