choosing a sample

What is a sample

A small group of people representative of the larger group, used when the target population is too big to research everyone

Why do sociologists sample

To efficiently study large populations, save time and resources while still gathering reliable info

Often impossible to study everyone in a target population, so a smaller, representative sample is used - allows researchers to generalise findings

What are the types of sampling

• Random

• Systematic

• Stratified random

• Quota

• Opportunity

What is random sampling

Select a sample at random which ensures every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected

Strengths of random sampling

• Reduces bias as every individual has an equal chance of selection

• Provides a representative sample which makes generalisations more reliable

Weaknesses of random sampling

• Can be time-consuming and difficult to implement, especially with large populations

• May not always ensure representation of key social groups

What is systematic sampling

Selects every nth person from a list

Strengths of systematic sampling

• Simple and convenient to use

• Ensures even distribution across the population

Weaknesses of systematic sampling

• If the is an underlying pattern in the population it may include bias

• less random than actual random sampling

What is stratified random sampling

The population is divided into subgroups based on characteristics like age or gender & random samples are taken from each

Strengths of stratified random sampling

• Ensures representation of different social groups

• Reduces sampling error compared to simple random sampling

Weaknesses of stratified random sampling

• Requires detailed knowledge of population characteristics

• More complex & time-consuming to organise

What is quota sampling

Researchers select participants based on predetermined characteristics with a non-random process

Strengths of quota sampling

• Quick & cost effective

• Ensures representation of specific groups without needing a full population list

Weaknesses of quota sampling

• Selection is non-random which can introduce bias

• May not be fully representative of the wider population

What is opportunity sampling

Selects individuals who are most conveniently available (such as students in a classroom)

Strengths of opportunity sampling

• Easy & convenient to conduct

• Useful for pilot studies or exploratory research

Weaknesses of opportunity sampling

• Highly biased, only includes those who are readily available

• Results may not be generalisable to the wider population