APUSH Fall Review (PCE-1910)

Native American Societies

Diverse groups widely spread across different geographical regions, each with unique cultures and economies.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that nations should acquire colonies to gain wealth by extracting resources and selling finished goods.

Indentured Servants

Laborers who agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies and eventual freedom.

Columbian Exchange

Widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World after 1492.

Encomienda System

Spanish colonial system where native labor was used for sugar harvesting and silver mining while converting them to Catholicism.

Triangle Trade

Transatlantic trading system that exchanged goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Middle Passage

The brutal journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic, characterized by high mortality rates and extreme inhumanity.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement for self-governance made by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620.

Roger Williams

Religious separatist who founded Rhode Island in 1636 in pursuit of religious freedom and separation from the Church of England.

Pequot War

Conflict between Puritans and the Pequot tribe resulting in significant Native American casualties in 1637.

Slave Codes

Laws that defined and restricted the rights of enslaved individuals, institutionalizing racial slavery in the British colonies.

King Philip's War

Conflict in 1675 where the Wampanoag tribe, led by Metacom, resisted English expansion resulting in heavy casualties.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 protesting economic hardship and political tensions, targeting Jamestown.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in the 1680s-1800s focusing on reason and individual rights, influencing colonial thought.

Salem Witch Trials

Series of witchcraft prosecutions in colonial Massachusetts resulting in numerous accusations and executions in 1692.

Salutary Neglect

British policy (c. 1607-1763) of non-enforcement of parliamentary laws in the colonies, leading to greater self-governance.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the 1730s-1740s emphasizing personal faith and emotional experiences, promoting individualized spirituality.

Native American Societies

Diverse groups widely spread across different geographical regions, each with unique cultures and economies.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that nations should acquire colonies to gain wealth by extracting resources and selling finished goods.

Indentured Servants

Laborers who agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies and eventual freedom.

Columbian Exchange

Widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World after 1492.

Encomienda System

Spanish colonial system where native labor was used for sugar harvesting and silver mining while converting them to Catholicism.

Triangle Trade

Transatlantic trading system that exchanged goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Middle Passage

The brutal journey enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic, characterized by high mortality rates and extreme inhumanity.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement for self-governance made by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620.

Roger Williams

Religious separatist who founded Rhode Island in 1636 in pursuit of religious freedom and separation from the Church of England.

Pequot War

Conflict between Puritans and the Pequot tribe resulting in significant Native American casualties in 1637.

Slave Codes

Laws that defined and restricted the rights of enslaved individuals, institutionalizing racial slavery in the British colonies.

King Philip's War

Conflict in 1675 where the Wampanoag tribe, led by Metacom, resisted English expansion resulting in heavy casualties.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 protesting economic hardship and political tensions, targeting Jamestown.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in the 1680s-1800s focusing on reason and individual rights, influencing colonial thought.

Salem Witch Trials

Series of witchcraft prosecutions in colonial Massachusetts resulting in numerous accusations and executions in 1692.

Salutary Neglect

British policy (c. 1607-1763) of non-enforcement of parliamentary laws in the colonies, leading to greater self-governance.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the 1730s-1740s emphasizing personal faith and emotional experiences, promoting individualized spirituality.

Stono Rebellion

Largest slave rebellion in the British mainland colonies, occurring near Charleston, South Carolina in 1739.

Chinese Migration to the U.S.

Primarily occurred in the mid-1800s due to the Opium Wars, famine, and economic hardship in China, leading to increased labor opportunities in the U.S.

Comstock Lode

Major silver ore deposit discovered in Nevada in 1859, sparking a mining boom and contributing to economic development in the American West.

Homestead Act

Legislation from 1862 offering free land to settlers willing to farm it, aimed at populating the West and creating independent landowners.

Railroad System

Development of a national railroad network, notably the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, which facilitated transportation and contributed to economic growth during the Industrial Revolution throughout the late 1800s.

The New Industrial Economy

Transformation of the U.S. economy into an industrial powerhouse in the late 1800s, marked by factory growth, big businesses, and technological advances.

The Steam Engine

Developed by James Watt, it became a cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution, significantly increasing productivity across various industries in the late 18th and 19th centuries, notably impacting the U.S. economy in the late 1800s.

Laissez-Faire Economics

Economic philosophy advocated by industrialists in the late 1800s, promoting minimal government intervention but leading to monopolization and worker exploitation.

The Growth of Unions

Rise of labor unions in the late 1800s as a response to poor factory conditions, where workers organized for better pay and working conditions.

Nativism

Political movement in the late 1800s favoring native-born citizens over immigrants, leading to anti-immigrant policies and sentiments.

Ghost Dance

Religious movement among Native Americans, prominent from 1889-1890, predicting the return of ancestors, associated with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 where the U.S. Army killed many Lakota Sioux.

Convict Lease System

System prevalent from the 1870s-1890s where prisoners were leased for labor under brutal conditions, continuing forced labor practices similar to slavery.

Populists

Members of the People’s Party, formed in 1891, advocating for reforms like graduated income tax and direct election of Senators for farmers and workers.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Women-led organization founded in 1874 aimed at combating alcohol's social influence, representing women's increasing roles in public advocacy.

Battle of Little Bighorn

Significant 1876 battle where U.S. Army faced a coalition of Native American tribes, leading to a decisive defeat for U.S. forces.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers, reflecting growing racial tensions and exclusionary policies in the U.S.

Haymarket Riot

1886 incident where a peaceful rally for an 8-hour workday turned violent, negatively impacting the reputation of labor movements.

Dawes Act

1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands, granting citizenship to those who accepted allotments.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law aimed at curbing monopolies and promoting competition, though initially weak in enforcement.

Jim Crow Laws

Set of laws enacted in the 1890s enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Homestead Strike

1892 violent labor dispute at Homestead Steel Works, showcasing labor unrest over wage cuts and poor conditions.

Panic of 1893

Severe economic depression leading to high unemployment and strikes, shifting government power towards Republicans.

Frontier Thesis

Argument presented by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893, asserting that the American frontier shaped the nation's democratic institutions and identity.

Election of 1896

Election that transformed Republicans into the majority party, driven by economic issues and a new coalition of workers and capitalists.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld 'separate but equal' segregation, legalizing public facility segregation.

Hull House

Settlement house founded by Jane Addams in 1889, providing social services and education for immigrants and the poor.

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict resulting in U.S. victory over Spain and the annexation of territories, marking a shift to imperialism.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy proposed from 1899-1900, aimed at ensuring equal trade opportunities in China for all nations while preserving its territorial integrity.

Salutary Neglect

An unofficial British policy (c. 1607-1763) of lax enforcement of colonial regulations, allowing self-government and economic autonomy.

Seven Years War

A global conflict (1756-1763) between Britain and France that began in North America as the French and Indian War over rights to the Ohio River Valley.

Impressment

The British Royal Navy practice (17th-19th centuries) of forcibly conscripting men, including American colonists, into naval service during wartime.

Virtual Representation

British argument (mid-18th century) that Parliament represented all British subjects, including those in the colonies who did not vote for its members.

Proclamation of 1763

British ban (1763) on settlement west of the Appalachians after the Seven Years' War.

Quartering Act

Required colonial assemblies to house and supply British troops stationed in America (first enacted 1765).

Sugar Act

Implemented duties (1764) on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies to raise revenue for Britain.

Currency Act

Prohibited colonies (1764) from issuing their own paper money, requiring all payments in hard currency.

Stamp Act

British law (1765) requiring colonists to purchase and use specially stamped paper for legal documents and newspapers.

Declaratory Act

Asserted Parliament's right (1766) to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever'.

Townshend Acts

Series of duties (1767) on imports like glass, paper, and tea, with revenue aimed to pay royal officials.

Boston Massacre

Incident (1770) where British soldiers killed five colonists, used as propaganda by patriots.

Committees of Correspondence

Networks (established 1772) of communication among American colonies to coordinate responses to British policies.

Tea Tax

Part of the Townshend Acts that imposed a tax (1767, maintained through the Tea Act of 1773) on imported tea.

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor (1773) as a protest against the Tea Tax.

Coercive Acts

Punitive laws (1774) passed by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

First armed conflict (April 19, 1775) between British troops and colonial militias, signaling the start of the American Revolutionary War.

Continental Army

Military force established by the Second Continental Congress (1775), led by George Washington.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Early Revolutionary War battle (June 17, 1775) where British technically won but suffered heavy casualties.

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine (published 1776) advocating for independence from Britain using Enlightenment ideas.

Declaration of Independence

Document (adopted July 4, 1776) declaring the colonies

’ break from Britain, influenced by Enlightenment ideals.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point battle (1777) that led to France formally allying with the colonies.

French Alliance

Formal agreement (1778) between France and the United States following the American victory at Saratoga.

Battle of Yorktown

Decisive victory (1781) that effectively ended the Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Paris

Officially ended the American Revolutionary War (signed 1783), recognizing American independence.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States (ratified 1781), establishing a weak central government.

Shays' Rebellion

Armed uprising in Massachusetts (1786-1787) highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting held (1787) to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and draft the U.S. Constitution.

Separation of Powers

Division of government into three branches to prevent any one from gaining too much control (established in the U.S. Constitution, 1787).

Checks and Balances

System ensuring that each branch of government influences the others, preventing one from becoming too powerful (established in the U.S. Constitution, 1787).

Electoral College

System established (1787) for electing the president and vice president based on the state's popular vote.

Virginia Plan

Proposal (1787) calling for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature based on state population.

New Jersey Plan

Proposal (1787) for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, regardless of population.

Great (Connecticut) Compromise

Plan (1787) combining elements of the Virginia and New Jersey plans, creating a bicameral legislature.

3/5 Compromise

Provision (1787) counting three out of every five enslaved individuals for taxation and representation.

Federalists

Group advocating for ratification of the U.S. Constitution (1787-1788) and a stronger national government.