UTS100 - Sociolohocal Perspective_L2

What does the Latin word “cultura/cultus” mean?

Care or cultivation

What is Cultural Identity?

Identity or feeling of belongingness to a certain culture group; anchored on race, nationality, region, ethnicity, and language

What are norms?

What dictates our behavior in society; acceptability of an act

How does culture influence the self?

A large part of who we are is a product of how culture was instilled in our selfhood

According to Mead, is the self biological or social?

Social; it develops as one grows through social interaction

What are the two parts of the self (Mead)?

Self-awareness and self-image

How does the self develop, according to Mead?

By engaging in the world through interaction and reflection

What is required to understand others (Mead)?

Common symbols and role-playing/role-taking

What are the 3 stages of the self (Mead)?

Preparatory (imitation), Play (role-taking), Game (understanding roles and perspectives)

What is the “I” in Mead’s theory?

Subjective, spontaneous, unsocialized self; allows creativity and individualism

What is the “Me” in Mead’s theory?

Objective self; learned behaviors, attitudes, expectations from society

What is the Generalized Other (Mead)?

Organized community/social group representing the community’s attitudes, values, norms, and beliefs

How does Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self describe self-development?

Self develops from perceptions of other people’s opinions

What are the 3 steps of the Looking-Glass Self (Cooley)?

1) Imagine how we appear to others, 2) Imagine their judgment, 3) Develop feelings based on that judgment

What caution did Cooley give about the Looking-Glass Self?

It should guide reflection, not living by others’ expectations

What is the Private Self (Triandis)?

Assessment of the self by the self; traits, states, behaviors

What is the Public Self (Triandis)?

Assessment of the self by the generalized other; how others view us in relationships and roles

What is the Collective Self (Triandis)?

Self from group memberships (family, tribe, organizations, etc.)

What is Social Identity (Tajfel & Sumner)?

Sense of who we are from group membership; source of pride and belonging

What is an In-group (Sumner)?

Esteemed group one belongs to; loyalty

What is an Out-group (Sumner)?

Group one does not belong to; competition or opposition

Why do in-groups discriminate against out-groups (Sumner)?

To enhance their self-image

What are the 3 processes of Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner)?

Social Categorization, Social Identification, Social Comparison

According to Morris, is the self an entity?

No, the self is a process orchestrating experience

What is Self-representation (Morris)?

One’s mental representation of oneself

What is the “Other” (Morris)?

How we perceive others’ mental representations

How does self interact with culture (Morris)?

Through social practices; dialectical relationship

What distinction exists in self (Morris)?

Western vs. Non-Western notions of self

What is the Dialogical Self (Hermans)?

The self as a “society of mind”

What are Internal I-positions (Hermans)?

How one functions in oneself

What are External I-positions (Hermans)?

How one identifies based on external factors

How does growth occur in the Dialogical Self?

Through dialogue between internal and external positions

What is the Saturated Self (Gergen)?

A self of many voices, shaped by constant connection to others

What is Multiphrenia (Gergen)?

Splitting into many selves from absorbing voices of others and media

How does technology affect the self (Gergen)?

Enables idealized versions (e.g., online self-promotion) but creates overload and stress

What is the result of a multiphrenic condition (Gergen)?

Fragmentation and loss of true or knowable selves

What does Western self emphasize?

Individualism: independence, freedom, uniqueness

What does Oriental/Eastern self emphasize?

Collectivism: duty to groups, group harmony, relationships

According to Ferrante (2011), what is culture?

The blueprint that guides (and sometimes determines) a nation’s behavior

How does culture affect self at the micro-level (Ferrante)?

Influences personal perspectives and decisions

Why is culture dynamic?

It transforms and evolves, so the self must adjust, re-adjust, and re-align

What makes identity less stable in modern times?

Fast-paced change and globalization

How does globalization reshape self?

Moves from micro-society to global perspective

How does the internet age challenge self?

Questions authenticity of values, traditions, and beliefs

What is the result of digital diversity on self?

Fragmentation of cultural values and multiple shifting identities