Exam 4 Review: Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Flashcards covering the lymphatic system, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity.

Lymphatic System

A system of vessels, tissues, and organs that filter lymph, absorb lipids, and defend against microorganisms and foreign substances.

Lymph

Excess interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries.

Lacteals

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb lipids.

Lymph Nodes

Structures that filter lymph and contain lymphocytes to respond to infections.

Spleen

Organ that filters blood and is a site where lymphocytes respond to infections.

Thymus

Primary lymphatic organ where pre-T cells mature into immunocompetent T cells.

Red Bone Marrow

Primary lymphatic organ where pre-B cells become immunocompetent B cells.

Lymphatic Trunks

Large vessels that drain lymph from specific body areas.

Lymphatic Ducts

Vessels that move lymph into major veins (right duct and thoracic duct).

Jugular Trunk

Drains lymph from the head and neck.

Subclavian Trunk

Drains lymph from upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall, and mammary glands.

Brachiomediastinal Trunk

Drains lymph from deep thoracic organs and deep thoracic wall.

Intestinal Trunk

Drains lymph from abdominal organs.

Lumbar Trunk

Drains lymph from lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal walls, and pelvic organs.

Right Lymphatic Duct

Drains lymph from the right side of the head, right upper limb, and right thorax.

Thoracic Duct

Drains lymph from the remainder of the body.

Immunocompetent

Capable of launching an immune response.

MALT

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue; lymphatic tissue associated with mucous membranes.

Lymphatic Nodules

Dense groups of lymphocytes and other immune cells (e.g., tonsils).

Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue

Lymphocytes and other lymphatic components blending with other tissues like skin and muscle.

Afferent Vessels

Vessels that drain into lymph nodes.

Efferent Vessels

Vessels that drain out of lymph nodes.

Immunity

Ability to resist damage or change from foreign substances.

Innate Immunity

Non-specific immunity present at birth.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific immunity acquired over time.

Physical Barrier

Prevents entry or removes microbes (e.g., skin, tears, saliva).

Chemical Mediator

Promotes phagocytosis and inflammation.

Immune Cells

Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals.

Specificity

Ability to recognize a particular substance.

Memory

Ability to remember previous encounters with a substance and respond rapidly.

Histamines

Cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability during inflammation.

Interferons

Provide viral defense; protects against viral infections and some forms of cancer.

Complement

Promotes inflammation and destroys microbes.

Pyrogen

Promotes fever.

Cytokine

Proteins secreted by cells that bind to receptors on cell surfaces, stimulating a response.

Chemotaxis

Movement toward the source of chemotactic factors.

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis and destruction by phagocytes.

Neutrophils

Phagocytic cells and first to enter infected tissue.

Macrophage

Large phagocytic cells that ingest larger particles and produce chemicals.

Basophils

Promote inflammation by releasing histamine.

Eosinophil

Reduce inflammation and secrete enzymes to kill some parasites.

Natural Killer Cells

Lyse tumor and virus-infected cells.

Antigen

Large cell membrane bound molecules, either self or non-self, foreign or self.

Cell-mediated Immunity

Responds to intracellular antigens; performed by T-lymphocytes.

Antibody-mediated Immunity

Responds to extracellular antigens; performed by antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes.

Endogenous Antigen

Antigens produced inside the cell.

Exogenous Antigen

Antigens processed from outside a cell.

MHC Class I

Displays endogenous antigens; found on nucleated cells.

MHC Class II

Displays exogenous antigens; received from antigen-presenting cells.

Costimulation

Secondary signal necessary to activate lymphocytes.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Destroy infected cells by releasing chemicals to trigger lysis.

Helper T Cells

Coordinates both T and B cells.

Memory T Cells

Provide a quick and effective response to an antigen against which the immune system has previously reacted.

Plasma Cells

Produce antibodies during a primary response.

Memory B Cells

May become active in future encounters with the same antigen.

What are the three major functions of the Lymphatic system?

Fluid balance, lipid absorption, and defense.

Describe fluid balance.

Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries and becomes lymph.

Describe lipid absorption.

Absorption of fat and other substances from digestive tract via lacteals.

Describe the defense function of the lymphatic system.

Microorganisms and other foreign substances are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen.

What is the pathway of lymph through the body?

lymph travels to the blind pocket in limbs and body to the lymphatic capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels, then to lymph nodes for trunks, and into the lymphatic ducts and then into the veinous circulatory system.

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Thymus and red bone marrow.

What are the secondary lymphatic tissues?

Diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules.

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

The spleen and the lymph nodes.

What are the three groups of lymphatic nodules?

Lingual, pharyngeal, and palatine.

What are the three parts of innate immunity?

Physical barrier, chemical mediator, and immune cells.

What is the physical barrier of innate immunity?

prevent entry or remove microbes. (ex. skin, tears, membranes)

Describe the chemical mediator function of innate immunity

promotes phagocytosis and inflammation.

Describe the immune cell function of innate immunity.

involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals.

What are the twi important traits of adaptive immunity?

Memory and specificity.

Describe memory as a part of adaptive immunity.

the ability to recognize a particular substance.

Describe specificity as a part of adaptive immunity.

ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly.

What is the first line of immune defense?

Part of the innate immunity; composed of anatomical, chemical, and genetic barriers. (Skin, tears, cilia in respiratory tract, coughing and sneezing)

What is the second line of defense?

Part of innate immunity; involves the protective cells and fluids in tissues.

What is the third line of immune defense?

Part of adaptive immunity; involves the activation of lymphocytes (T & B cells) and the production of antibodies.

What is the alternative pathway?

Part of innate immunity; C3 binds with foreign substance to attract the macrophage.

What is the classical pathway?

Part of adaptive immunity; requires antibodies bound to antigens.

What triggers the complement cascade?

Activated C4 binds with C2 and activates C3; triggers via the classical pathway.

What cell mediated adaptive immunity?

Responds to intracellular antigens; performed by immune cells: T-lymphocytes.

What is anti-body mediated adaptive immunity?

responds to extracellular antigens; performed by antibodies: produced by B-lymphocytes.