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Anatomy
It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
Gross anatomy
studies body structure without a microscope.
Microscopic anatomy
requires the use of a microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology
It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Homeostasis
When structure and function are coordinated the body achieves a relative stability of its internal environment called
Cell
: The smallest independent units of life
Tissue
is made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function
Epithelial tissue
Found in the outer layer of skin, lining of organs, blood and lymph vessels and body cavities.
Connective tissue
: Connects and supports most parts of the body
Muscle tissue
Produces movement through its ability to contract
Nerve tissue
Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Organ
Is an integrated collection of two or more kinds of tissue that works together to perform specific functions.
System
: Is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions.
Organism level
The various organs of the body form the entire organism
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head. The leg is supper to the foot.
Inferior (caudal)
Toward the feet. The foot is inferior to the leg
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front part of the body. The nose is anterior to the ears.
Posterior (dorsal)
Towards the back of the body. The ears are posterior to the nose.
Medial
Towards the midline of the body. The nose is medial to the eyes.
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body. The eyes are lateral to the nose.
Proximal
Toward (nearer) the trunk of the body or the attached end of a limb. The shoulder is proximal to the wrist.
Distal
Away (farther) from the trunk of the body or the attached end of a limb. The wrist is distal to the forearm
Superficial
Nearer the surface of the body. The ribs are superficial to the heart.
Deep
Farther from the surface of the body. The heart is deeper to the ribs.
Peripheral
Away from the central axis of the body.__________ radiate away from the brain and spinal cord.
Axial body part
It is the part of the body near the axis of the body. This includes head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
Appendicular body part
It is the part of the body out of the axis line. This includes the upper and lower extremities.
Sagittal plane
divides the body into right and left half.
Mid sagittal plane
- divides body into equal left and right halves
Para sagittal plane
- divides body into unequal left and right
Frontal plane
divides the body into asymmetrical anterior and posterior sections.
Transverse plane
- divides the body into upper and lower body sections.
Oblique plane
divides the body obliquely into upper and lower sections
Ventral body cavity
constitutes the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic body cavity.
Thoracic cavity
It is protected by the rib cage & associated musculature and the sternum anteriorly
Abdomino-pelvic cavity
extends from the diaphragm inferior to the floor of the pelvis
Abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen and gallbladder
Pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, rectum, and portions of the reproductive organs.
Dorsal body cavity
it constitutes the cephalic cavity containing the brain and the vertebral canal containing the spinal cord.
Cytology
- It is a branch of science concerned with a study of cells.
Organelles
these are permanent structures with characteristic morphology that are highly specialized in specific cellular activity.
Cytoplasm
is the substance that surrounds organelles and is located between the nucleus and plasma membrane
Vascular tissue (Blood tissue)
It is a liquid connective tissue. It contains intercellular
substance plasma. Plasma is a straw colored liquid, consists water and dissolved material.
Osseous tissue (Bone)
The matured bone cell osteocytes, embedded in the
intercellular substance consisting mineral salts(calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) with collagenous fibers.
Transitional epithelium
The distinction is that cells of the outer layer in transitional
epithelium tend to be large and rounded rather than flat. The feature allows the tissue to be stretched with out breakage. It is found in Urinary bladder, part of Ureters & urethra.
Pseudo stratified epithelium
Lines the larger excretory ducts of many glands, epididymis,
parts of male urethra and auditory tubes. Its main function is protection & secretion