History Midterm Review

Jesus

Jesus

a jew, who preached in Jerusalem, spread the word of God

Council of Nicaea

a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325, intended to address the entire body of believers

The Great Schism

when the orthodox church and catholic church split apart

Goal of the Reformation

To pull the church back to its earliest spirit and style without the bureaucracy of the Roman Catholic Church and what was perceived as its abuses of power

Martin Luther

religious reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation after studying the Bible, challenges the church

95 Theses

A writing that explained 95 ways the church is making mistakes, written by Martin Luther

John Calvin

Focused on predestination

Predestination

God had determined in advance who would be saved and who would be damned

Feudalism

a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return

Absolutism

a system in which the ruler has total power(divine right of kings)

Louis XIV

one of the best examples of absolutism, know as the Sun king(he felt he was as important to France as the Sun is to the Earth), forced the entire court to live at Versailles

Peter I (The Great)

Made Russia into a strong European nation and modernized russia, created the russian navy

Divine Right

Kings receive their power from God and are responsible only for god

English Civil War

a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England

Limited Monarchy

a monarchy where the power of the monarch is limited by a constitution or other document

Renaissance

rebirth period, refers to the period of about 1300-1600, the revival of art and literature

Scientific Revolution

changed the way people viewed the world

Galileo

an artist, an italian astronomer, he invented an early microscope, argued that planets were made out of material

Isaac Newton

explained gravity and the orbit of the planet

Descartes

wrote that the only thing he is sure of is his own existance

Enlightenment

the great age of reason is defined as the period of rigorous scientific, political, and philosophical discourse

French Revolution

a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power

Industrial Revolution

the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing

Communist Manifesto

political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London in 1848

True Communism

eliminating socioeconomic class struggles by creating a classless society in which everyone shares the benefits of labor and the state controls all property and wealth

March Revolution (Russia)

mass protests overthrew the imperial government

Lenin

A Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union

October Revolution (Bolshevik)

placed the Bolsheviks in power

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests

Causes of WWII

the impact of the Treaty of Versailles following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of militarism in Germany and Japan, and the failure of the League of Nations

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

heir apparent to the thrones of Austria and Hungary whose assassination precipitated the outbreak of World War I

Treaty of Versailles

signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One

Appeasement

giving people what they want to prevent them from harming you or being angry with you

Start of WWII

In September, 1939 Germany invaded poland

Assembly Line

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled

Henry Ford

was an American industrialist and business magnate. He was the founder of Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production

Thomas Edison

an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual

Realism

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly

Darwin

he stated that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce

Mendeleyev

a Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements

Faraday

A measure of electric charge equal to the charge carried by one mole of electrons

New Imperialism

period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Social Darwinism

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals

White Man’s Burden

the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the inhabitants of their colonies

Berlin Conference

Meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa

Conscription

forced enrollment for service in a country's armed forces (ex. military draft)

Militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it to defend or promote national interests

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Allied Powers WWI

Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, United Kingdom, Belgium, Romania, U.S., Italy, Greece, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia

Central Powers WWI

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Propaganda

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a case

Trench Warfare

type of land warfare using occupied lines largely comprising military trenches, in which combatants are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery

Verdun, France

In 1916, 700,000 men were killed in 10 months

War of Attrition

a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attack and heavy losses

Planned Economies

an economy in which government directs the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability

Lusitanian

A british ship

Nicholas II

Began rule in 1894, believe in the absolute power of Czars

Russian Civil War

conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Signed by Lenin with Germany to get out of the war

Collectivization

the organization of all of a country's production and industry into government ownership and management

Armistice

a truce or agreement to end fighting

Reparations

repayment for war damages

League of Nations

first worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

Depression

a period of very low economic activity and high unemployment

Weimar Republic

after World War I, Germany's political leaders sought to transform Germany from a monarchy to a democracy, called…

New Deal

when the government created jobs by funding public work programs

Totalitarian gov

aims to control all aspects of the citizen’s lives, wanted to use mass propaganda and modern communication to achieve these goals

Benito Mussolini

establish the first European Fascist gov in the early 1920s, an italian dictator

Fascism

glorifies the state above the individual, a strong central gov and a single dictator runs the state

General Francisco Franco

used the military forces in Spain to set up an authoritarian dictatorship in 1939

Hitler

an extreme nationalist who understood the use of propaganda and terror, dictator of Nazi Germany

Mein Kampf

Hitler wrote this while in jail(an autobiography)

Enabling Act

allowed the gov to ignore the constitution for four years and pass laws to deal with the nation’s problems, allowed Hitler to become dictator eventually

Concentration Camps

camps set up for anyone who disagreed with the Nazi party, very harsh living conditions

Nuremberg Laws

prevented Jew from being German citizens, forbade marriages between Jew and German citizens and required Jews to wear yellow stars of David

Kristallnacht

November 9, 1938 Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses, which could also be called Night or Broken Glass

Rhineland

a demilitarized area according to the Treaty of Versailles

Anschluss

political or economic union

ex. Nazi,Germany with Austria during WWII

Sudentenland

A land that British, French, and Italian rulers agreed to give to Hitler to keep peace

Blitzkrieg

an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory, could also be called lightning war

Allied Powers WWII

primary ones were the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and China

Axis Powers WWII

primary ones were Germany, Italy, and Japan

Truman Doctrine

Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces

Marshall Plan

In 1947, proposed that the United States provide economic assistance to restore the economic infrastructure of postwar Europe

NATO

was formed in 1949 by U.S., Canda, Turkey, Greece, and 8 western european nations,

pledged to protect each other against a communist attack

Berlin Wall

a guarded concrete barrier that separated East Berlin from West, fell in 1989 by the Communist gov

Domino Theory

geopolitical theory which posits that increases or decreases in democracy in one country tend to spread to neighboring countries in a domino effect

Stalin

an enforcer in Russia leading up to the Revolution, considered the political and economic system under his rule to be Marxism–Leninism

Khrushchev

stunned the communist world with his denunciation of his predecessor Joseph Stalin's crimes and embarked on a policy of de-Stalinization with his key ally Anastas Mikoyan. He sponsored the early Soviet space program and the enactment of moderate reforms in domestic policy

5 Year Plans

a government plan for economic development over five years, used in Soviet Union

Collective Farming

agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise

Brezhnev

supported the leader's denunciations of Stalin's arbitrary rule, the rehabilitation of many of the victims of Stalin's purges, and the cautious liberalization of Soviet intellectual and cultural policy, became 1st to hold both leadership of the party and the state

Andropov

a Soviet politician who was the sixth paramount leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was a ruthless suppression of the uprising

Gorbachev

won the nobel peace prize, developed trade with nation of west and east, developed greater trust and excellent working relationships with Ronald Reagan and other American and Western leaders

Yeltsin

elected by the country, served as the first official president of Russia, transitioned the country to market economy, had an important role in dismantling the Soviet Union

Détente

the relaxation of strained relations or tensions ex. between countries

INF Treaty

Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles

Perestroika

referring to the restructuring of the political and economic systems of the Soviet Union, in an attempt to end the Era of Stagnation

Checkpoint Charlie

an official place at which people crossed the border between East Berlin and West Berlin during the time when the city was divided