Bio 102 Study set

Arcaea

Prokaryotic cell - First to evolve

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

macro molecules

Lipids, carbs, nucleic acid, protien

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

cholestrol

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

Uracil

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine

Thymine

A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Cytology

study of cell structure

cell junctions

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

Phagocytosis

digesting large particles as lysomes

Autophagy

A process in which lysosomes decompose damaged organelles to reuse their organic monomers

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

intermediate filaments

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.

Extra cellular matrix

Non-living material that surrounds living cells

OILRIG

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

secondary messengers

conveys message of neurotransmitter from cell membrane to internal cell, regulate metabolism and development

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

Receptor

protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

cAMP

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.

Nucleic acids

Polymers of nucleotides joing via phosphodiester bondsDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Nucleotide

Monomers consisting of a nitrogenous base, a pentose (5-carbon)sugar, and ≥ 1 phosphate molecule

polypeptides

a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

primary protein

sequence of amino acids

secondary protein

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein

three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

quaternary protein

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Transitional ER

specialized region of ER where proteins are sent off in vesicles to be secreted

Contractile vacuoles

pump excess water out of thecell. Found in aquatic, unicellular eukaryotes.

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

middle lamella

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.

pectin

gluey substance that connects cells

proteoglycans

a glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells.

fibronectins

A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix.

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Gap junctions

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

channel proteins

provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

carrier proteins

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

allosteric regulation

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

Aerobic respiration

consumes oxygen (O2) as a reactant

anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Dehydrogenases

transfer a hydrogen from one compound to another

Chemiosmosis

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. A maximum of 30 or 32 ATP, depending on which NADH shunt is used

Phosphofructokinase

The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP.

Chlorophyll alpha

the key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in the light reactions

Chlorophyll b

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

Carotenoids

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

Rubisco

The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

GPCRs

G-protein coupled receptors

GTP

A nucleotide composed of guanine, ribose, and three linked phosphate groups. It is incorporated into the growing RNA chain during synthesis of RNA and used as a source of energy during synthesis of proteins

RTKs

membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines. Can self phosphorylate

protein kinase

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.

Protein phosphatase

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

phosphorylation cascade

A series of enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions commonly used in signal transduction pathways to amplify and convey a signal inward from the plasma membrane.

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

Mitotic phase

stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

centrosomes

region where cells microtubules are initiated

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Prometaphase

The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

G1

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

G2

asses if DNA replication has occured, go ahead signal triggers mitosis

g0

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Metagenomics

The study of the microbiomeusing high-throughput sequencingHuman microbiome projectThe human microbiome differs across thebody and time, provides important function,and may be associated with human disease

Systems biology

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.

Transposon

A transposable genetic element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate.

Retrotransposon

A transposable element that moves within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA.

recombiant frequency

= (# of recombiant progeny/total # of progeny) x 100
- can be used to estimate distance between two linked genes

recombiant types

offspring that have new combinations of phenotypic traits

parent types

offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes

mitochondrial

A small amount of DNA that is located in the mitochondria of cells. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother.

Autosomal Ressesive

two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop

Epistasis

interaction between genes that are not allels

true breeding

term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

Co dominance

situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

polygenic inheritance

combined effect of two or more genes on a single character

aminocentesis

a process where a long needle is put into the fluid around a developing baby to see if the baby will have any genetic disorders

Mendel Segregation

every diploid has an allele

multifactorial

when outside factors affect a trait

Pleitropy

gene that controls one or more trait

RNA polymerase

catalyzes transcription

snRNP

part of spliceosome

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

misense mutation

codes for another amino acid

Histones

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

Topoisomerase

allows the dna to unravel

Primace

Enzyme that provides a point of origin for DNA strand

polymerase 1

replaces RNA primer with DNA