set 2 other

Flashcards on Cell Injury, Necrosis, and Apoptosis

Hypoxia

A condition where there is a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.

Anoxia

A complete lack of oxygen supply to the tissues.

Oligemia

Local or regional hypoxia due to inadequate blood flow.

Ischemia

Local or regional hypoxia caused by a blocked vascular lumen.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to reform ATP.

Lactic Acid

A byproduct of anaerobic cellular respiration that causes a drop in pH (acidosis).

Na+, K+, ATPase pump

A pump that maintains the correct balance of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.

Hydropic Degeneration

Cell swelling, particularly within the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in fine vacuolation.

Fatty Degeneration

Accumulation of lipid within hepatocytes due to impaired anabolic metabolism.

Steatosis

Another term for fatty degeneration or hepatic lipidosis.

Oil-red-O

A lipophilic stain used to identify fat droplets.

Phospholipase A

A calcium-dependent enzyme that damages cell membranes.

Cell Membrane Blebs

Bulges or protrusions on the cell membrane resulting from cell injury.

Mitochondrial Swelling

A consequence of irreversible cell injury caused by calcium influx into mitochondria.

Acid Hydrolases

Enzymes released from disrupted lysosomes that function at a low pH.

Pyknosis

Further clumping of chromatin in the nucleus, a hallmark of apoptosis and necrosis.

Karyorrhexis

Fragmentation of the nucleus.

Karyolysis

Dissolution of the nucleus.

Myelin Whorls

Fragmented plasmalemma and organellar membranes forming structures resembling myelin.

Dystrophic Calcification

Calcification that occurs in dead cells.

Exotoxins

Bacterial toxins that can damage cell membranes.

Cytolytic Viruses

Viruses that cause cell lysis and damage cell membranes.

Free Radicals

Molecules with an unpaired electron, making them highly reactive.

Superoxide Anion

A type of free radical (O2-).

Hydroxyl Radical

A highly injurious free radical (HO•).

Hydrogen Peroxide

A reactive oxygen species (H2O2).

Fenton Reaction

A reaction producing hydroxyl radical from hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron.

Oxidative Burst

The production of oxygen radicals by neutrophils to use as microbicidal compounds.

NADPH Oxidase

The enzyme that catalyzes the production of superoxide anion in neutrophils.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)

The enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion.

Haber-Weiss Reaction

The combination of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl radical.

Myeloperoxidase

The enzyme used by neutrophils to produce reactive halogenated compounds.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A compound produced by macrophages that can generate peroxynitrite anion.

Peroxynitrite Anion

A reactive nitrogen species (ONOO-).

Lipid Peroxidation

Damage to lipid membranes initiated by hydroxyl radicals.

Vitamin E

An antioxidant that quenches hydroxyl radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation.

Glutathione Peroxidase

An enzyme that uses reduced glutathione to convert H2O2 into H2O.

Catalase

An enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Vitamin C

A cofactor in methemoglobin reductase and an antioxidant.

Transferrin

A binding protein that sequesters iron.

Lactoferrin

A binding protein that sequesters iron.

Ferritin

A binding protein that sequesters iron.

Cytochrome Oxidase

Enzyme that is irreversibly bound by cyanide, blocking oxidative phosphorylation.

Biotransformation

The process by which biologically innocuous chemicals are converted by the body into toxic metabolites.

Infarction

Complete blockage of blood flow to an area of tissue causing anoxia.

Reperfusion Injury

Damage that occurs after re-establishment of blood flow to an area of tissue.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Necrosis

Cell death due to injury.